On the other hand, cranial characters are of great importance in Crocodylia systematics. that are part of the body, remain strong under the stresses of locomotion, such as when the
(E) Dorsal view of the oticoccipital region of the CL2210. 1 the Temporal Bone Skull - Communication Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) New Terminologia Anatomica: Cranium and Extracranial Bones of the Head P.P Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment of Bell's Palsy Anatomical Features of Intratemporal Course of Facial Nerve and Its Variations Connections of the Skull Made By: Dr 12A). From here, it suddenly curves posteroventrally until it ends in front of the hypophysial fenestra (Figs1C and and2C).2C). Examine the Amia head skeleton and consider what subdivisions the bones that you see belong to. - creates changes in the articulation of the jaw and the evolution of the
Stages 27 and 28 (based on the volume of absorbed yolk and the size of the yolk scar) in C.latirostris could not be distinguished, so they were grouped (stages 2728) in this species. (2010), Pol D, Leardi JM, Lecuona A, etal. Werneburg & Yaryhin (2018) have pointed out that some structures of this region (i.e. Furthermore, otic and occipital regions were described together to facilitate their description and interpretation, as other authors have done for other reptiles and even other crocodylian species (e.g. Histoire Naturelle, Gnrale et Particulire des Reptiles. Columella auris of Caiman latirostris (MLPR.6491) and Caimanyacare (MLPR.6490). The neurocranium consists of three different regions, which are described below. Bellairs & Kamal (1981) also suggest the presence of an epibranchial cartilage at the tip of the Cornu branchiale I. Romer (1956) and Bellairs & Kamal (1981) also considered that the ceratohyal is incorporated into the Corpus hyoidei in crocodylians; however, they added that it virtually disappears in the adult specimens. In this work, no distinct cartilage was observed at the distal end of the Cornu branchiale I. 3D scanning and printing skeletal tissues for anatomy education. At the base of the crista sellaris, on each side of the hypophysial fenestra, the foramen for the abducens nerve is located. . The main differences in the chondrocranium between C.yacare and C.latirostris, and other crocodylian species were recorded in the splanchnocranium. These are the: Neurocranium (Chondocranium) Dermatocranium Splanchnocranium Each part is distinguished by its ontogenetic and phylogenetic origins although all three work together to produce the skull. The development of the cartilaginous head skeleton commences at stage 29 and is essentially complete by stage 35 (hatching). The nasal septum is a dorsal growth of the trabecula communis and constitutes the anterior extension of the interorbital septum without a defined limit between them. and their ribs, by which the pelvis articulates with the vertebral column, Sclerotic bones - bones that surround
Chondrocranium The cartilaginous chondrocranium is the underlying scaffold of the skull, and it forms the entire skull in the chondrichthyans. CC BY Elizabeth Swislosky & Kristen Roosa. These foramina serve as the exit of the hypoglossal nerve (Klembara, 1991). This fenestra is narrowed anteriorly, between the trabecula communis and the lamina transversalis anterior, and is broad posteriorly, between the trabecula communis and both pars of the cartilago nasoconchalis. 2005) and some birds (evikDemirkan etal. Shiino (1914) describes Cornu branchiale I but he did not mention anything regarding its homology. However, it cannot be ruled out that the posterior tectum could be incorporated here (see De Beer, 1937; Klembara, 1991, 2001). The identification of the laryngeal cartilages was done following Schumacher (1973) but the terminology was not exactly the same as that author used to avoid confusion (e.g. 10D). B. de Spix, Revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study, Vieira LG, Santos ALQ, Hirano LQL, etal. Nevertheless, the trachea is also described here because of its close relationship to the larynx, which is part of the splanchnocranium. Gladys FM, Matsuda M, Lim Y, Jackin BJ, Imai T, Otani Y, Yatagai T, Cense B. Biomed Opt Express. It encloses a large cavity that probably contains a diverticulum of the caviconchal sinus and is delimited mostly by the paranasal cartilage, with the lamina orbitonasalis contributing to it caudally. Dorsal view of the hyobranchial apparatus, laryngeal cartilages and trachea of Caiman latirostris (MLPR.6491) and Caimanyacare (MLPR.6490). ac, arytenoid cartilages; cb1, Cornu branchiale I; cc, cricoid cartilage; ch, Corpus hyoidei; tr, trachea. and quadrate (suspends the lower jaw); replaced by maxilla
Specimens are housed in the herpetological collection of the Museo de La Plata under a collection number for each ontogenetic series, MLPR.6490 for C.yacare and MLPR.6491 for C.latirostris (Table1). Almost all embryos of C.yacare (except specimens of stages 17/18 and 18, and some individuals of stages 22 and 23) have foramina in the Corpus hyoidei. nasal conchae) that increase the surface area available for olfaction;
another part, or with other parts of the body (such as muscles). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. ac, arytenoid cartilages; cc, cricoid cartilage. Parker, 1882; Meek, 1911; Shiino, 1914; Goldby, 1925; De Beer, 1937). This process expands and flattens distally (infrapolar process; see Discussion) and it is oriented posteriorly and ventrally towards the cochlear portion of the auditory capsule (Figs1C and and22B). The prootic fenestra, which lies inside the ganglion of the trigeminal nerve, is anteriorly delimited by the pila antotica, medioventral by the trabeculae, dorsally by the free posterior end of the taenia marginalis and posteriorly by the anterior portion of the auditory capsule. In the remaining specimens of stage 22 of C.latirostris, only two foramina are observed, the 3rd and 4th, constituting the definitive condition of the chondrocranium of this species. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Ventral view of the splanchnocranium and chondrocranium of Squalus. from the mandibular cartilage, and the jaw remains unsupported by the hyomandibular
2013; SalasGismondi etal. 1988;177(4):297-305. doi: 10.1007/BF00315836. Meckel's cartilage of Caimanyacare (MLPR.6490), dorsal to the hyobranchial apparatus (A) and right lateral (B) views of CY19. Autostylic method of jaw attachment
The arytenoid and cricoid cartilages are evident from stage 20 of C.yacare and stage22 of C.latirostris. The neurocranium is a specialised portion of the splanchnocranium and comes from neural crest cells. and out the gill slits; in metamorphosed salamanders and adult frogs, this
This could be related to some ontogenetic variation and may reflect a pattern in which, in the middle of development (stages 1822), the optic fenestra overtakes the epioptic fenestra, whereas, in previous and later stages, they extend equally. These projections have not yet appeared in CL20, CL21, CL221, CY17/181, CY17/182, CY17/183, CY181, CY182, CY19; its development begins in CL222 and CY20 (Fig. They are separated by the concha nasalis, a backwards invagination into the nasal capsule cavity, which contains a diverticulum of the nasal sac, probably the caviconchal sinus (Witmer, 1995). The posterior end of the Corpus hyoidei has a rounded indentation that defines two short and rounded posterior lateral processes. It might be interesting to extend the sample to other extant species and further study the morphofunctional implications. with the chondrocranium (Fig. sheaths surrounding them, concentrate the force of a muscle onto a relatively small area
. (2016). from structures related to the skull. between the jaw and the chondrocranium, Hyostylic (elasmobranchs and
(2016), A new 13 Million year old gavialoid crocodylian from protoAmazonian megawetlands reveals parallel evolutionary trends in skull shape linked to longirostry, Santos CM, AbiduFigueiredo M, Teixeira MJ, etal. tissue whose matrix contains proteoglycan molecules that bind with water. The anteroventral end of the cricoid presents three anterior projections (one in the middle and two laterals) of similar length (Fig. In the public domain. The lateral region of the Corpus hyoidei, between the anterior and posterior lateral processes, is slightly irregular in embryos of both species. The fenestra narina is an open space that occupies almost the entire anterior dorsal and lateral half of the capsule (Figs1A, A,2A,C2A,C and and3A).3A). Dorsal view of Meckel's cartilage (A) and ventral view of palatoquadrate (C) of CY20. Ventral and medially are the optic fenestra, anteriorly, and the metoptic fenestra, posteriorly. In the ethmoid region, a cupola anterior has been observed in this study, unlike the statement of De Beer (1937), who considers that it is absent in Crocodylia. The ventral view distinguishes the basal plate, the processus subcapsularis and the floor of the auditory capsule (cochlear portion; Figs1B and and2B).2B). This notch is more rounded in C. latirostris than in C.yacare, in which it presents more angular edges (Fig. that support and move the gills and contribute to production of the jaws
Bellairs & Kamal, 1981; Klembara, 1991) and Klembara (1991) recognized an independent origin for it. Hu Y, Willett KL, Khan IA, Scheffler BE, Dasmahapatra AK. the overall material is much stronger - cartilage without associated supportive
La Plata, 3D scanning and printing skeletal tissues for anatomy education. chondrocranium is later ossified and becomes a more minor part of the skull, The splanchnocranium consists of the
Cleuren & De Vree (1992) said that there is no lingual process in crocodylians. Further development proceeds by extension of the anterior margin of the tectum that is initially concave with two lateral projections (stages 19, 20 and 21; Fig. Squalus. From stage 23 in C. latirostris and stage 22 in C.yacare, a projection begins to grow in the anterior end of the rod and curves anteroventrally, forming the definitive morphology of each arytenoid cartilage until the moment of hatching (Fig. surface, convex on posterior surface, characteristic of some reptiles and
These elements are not yet fused in some early embryos and can be distinguished as such (e.g. In the anterior region of the floor, located lateral to the nasal septum, there are the paired apical foramina at the point where the prenasal process projects forwards in the midline (Figs1B and and2B).2B). chondrocranium. bpl, basal plate; coa, columella auris; cp, crista parotica; cpac, cochlear portion of the auditory capsule; fme, fissura metotica; fov, fenestra ovalis; fpe, foramen perilymphaticum; hfo, hypoglossal foramen; nc, notochordal canal; oa, occipital arch; psca, processus subcapsularis; ts, tectum synoticum. Cartilaginous fishes - retain a cartilaginous neurocranium (or chondrocranium) throughout life Bony fishes, lungfishes, & most ganoids - retain highly cartilaginous neurocranium that is covered by membrane bone Cyclostomes - the several cartilaginous components of the embryonic neurocranium remain in adults as more or less independent cartilages A mixed 17/18 stage was established in C.yacare following Iungman etal. Pelvic girdle (left) and pectoral girdle (right) of Squalus. the neurocranium and covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts
Ceratobranchial Cartilage 9. Before Moreover, the posterior and ventral surface of the otic process of the palatoquadrate of Caiman is articulated with the dorsal process of the columella auris, whereas in Crocodilus porosus (Schneider, 1801; sensu De Beer, 1937; = Crocodylus porosus) there is a cartilaginous fusion (De Beer, 1937). 2014 Feb 5;5(1):8. doi: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-8. in the posterior region of the chondrocranium
: the portion of the skull that arises from the first three branchial arches and forms the supporting structure of the jaws. -elements of some arches contribute to the chondrocranium. The fenestra basalis is posteriorly delimited by the lamina orbitonasalis (Figs1B and and2B,C).2B,C). The medial margin of the Cornu branchiale I presents a narrowing between the cylindrical and flat section in most specimens of both species (Fig. The chondrocranium in different species can vary greatly, but in general it is made up of five components, the sphenoids, the mesethmoid, the occipitals, the optic capsules and the nasal capsules. 12E). Chondrocranium of Caiman latirostris (MLPR.6491) and Caimanyacare (MLPR.6490). is an elaborate cartilagenous case around the brain. 2010). Ventral view of the splanchnocranium and chondrocranium of Squalus. Schumacher (1973) mentions similar processes (per position) but in turtles he calls them anterior lateral processes. frame, be strong at the junction where two bones meet, where stress is
in bone or cartilage, that contain osteocytes or chondrocytes, Membrane bone - superficial bones that
3C). 1) splanchnocranium (most ancient- visceral cranium) 2) chondrocranium- underlises and supports the brain and is formed fo endochondral bone or cartilage or boht 3) dermatocranium- contribution that in later vertebrates forms most of the outer casing of the skull. Ventral view of the splanchnocranium and chondrocranium of . Each of these components (neurocranium and splanchnocranium) can be cartilaginous or osseous; thus the skull in a cartilaginous stage is called chondrocranium while the osseous stage is the osteocranium. be deposited in one of two ways: formation of membrane bone begins with the formation of trabeculae
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). the jaws in gnathostomes. Ral A. Ringuelet, in La Plata city, who allowed me to develop part of this work there and sustained me. 1A). in turtles and related fossil forms emarginations of the posterior margin
12B). This process of loss of the anterior foramina culminates in the following stages of C.yacare (stages 1922) where only two foramina of similar size persist, corresponding to the 3rd and 4th. (A) CL27285; (B) CL242; (C) CL222; (D) CY238 (D); (E) CY223. Through the fenestra narina, the anterior portion of the nasal septum and part of the lamina transversalis anterior can be distinguished. This structure has also been described by other authors (e.g. The meaning of CHONDROCRANIUM is the cartilaginous parts of an embryonic cranium; also : the part of the adult skull derived therefrom. The number and degree of development of these projections varies intraspecifically, regardless of the ontogenetic stage. The most dorsal and posterior end of each branch constitutes the articular fossa, which has an irregular shape; its major axis is anteroposteriorly orientated. The posterior portion of the planum supraseptale is perforated by one foramen and three fenestrae (Figs1A,C and and2A,C).2A,C). (2008), who developed a criterion for aging embryos of C.latirostris using external morphological features. These are the lateral and anterior extracolumella, inserted in the tympanic membrane, and the posterior processus dorsalis, which articulates with the palatoquadrate. As previously reported, its medioventral portion connects with the lamina orbitonasalis and the latter with the nasal septum.
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