which statement regarding unipolar depression is true?

Rolin D, Whelan J, Montano C. Is it depression or is it bipolar depression? Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of bipolar and unipolar depressed groups on the MMPI. Instead, a distinct set of biological (Chiaroni et al., 2000; El-Mallakh, Li, Worth, & Peiper, 1996; Johnson, Winters, & Meyers, in press), personality (Meyer, Johnson, & Carver, 1999; Strakowski, Stoll, Tohen, Faedda, & Goodwin, 1993; von Zerssen, 1996; Young et al., 1995), and life event (Johnson, Sandrow et al., 2000; Malkoff-Schwartz et al., 1998) variables appear to predict mania. That is, both unipolar and bipolar depression seem parallel in their links with decreased prefrontal cortex activity, as well as changes in amygdala activity. Both unipolar and bipolar depression have been associated with reduced blood flow to the cerebral cortex (Videbech, 2000), especially in the prefrontal cortex ventral to the genu of the corpus callosum (Drevets et al., 1997), as well as abnormal phosophorus metabolism in the frontal lobes (Deicken, Fein, & Weiner, 1995) and abnormal metabolism in the amygdala and prefrontal areas connected with the amygdala (Drevets, 1999). APA Dictionary of Psychology. Odone, A. Roy A. Emamghoreishi M, Schlichter L, Li PP, Parikh S, Sen J, Kamble A, et al. Is the course of manicdepressive illness influenced by psychosocial factors? Which statement regarding unipolar depression is TRUE? Expressed emotion and psychiatric relapse: A meta-analysis. The drive for reliability has meant that some subtle, but potentially important, clinical features are often not considered. Bidzinska EJ. Altshuler LL, Curran JG, Hauser P, Mintz J, Denicoff K, Post R. T. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder. Gunderson JG, Triebwasser J, Phillips KA, Sullivan CN. Our review suggests that the literature that directly compares unipolar and bipolar depression is lamentably sparse, and in some areas, plagued with inconsistent results. Recent life events and completed suicide in bipolar affective disorder: A comparison with major depressive suicides. Are the clinical syndromes of unipolar and bipolar depression the same? Given these systematic differences in unipolar and bipolar treatment and course, well-matched samples may be difficult to find, and even when available, may not provide generalizable results. We briefly highlight each model below. Hence, although findings are not entirely consistent, it may be important to use measures that assess negative cognitions in a less overt manner. 2000. Essential papers on object loss. That is, nimal studies provide evidence for increased dopamine release and behavioral sensitization to dopamine agonists following sleep deprivation (Demontis, Fadda, Devoto, Martellotta, & Fratta, 1990; Gessa, Pani, Serra, & Fratta, 1995; Nunes, Tufik, & Nobrega, 1994). (2000) reviewed 80 studies addressing biological differences in unipolar and bipolar depression such as platelet imipramine binding, monoamine oxydase activity, catechol-o-methyltransferase activity, plasma levels of GABA, plasma cortisol, and insulin tolerance, among others. Increased activity of G-proteins connected to the production of cyclic AMP has been documented in individuals with bipolar disorder relative to individuals with unipolar disorder or controls (Manji et al., 1995; Mathews, Li, Young, Kisk, & Warsh, 1997; Mitchell, Manji, & Chen, 1997; Perez et al., 1995; Schreiber, Avissar, Danon, & Belmarker, 1991; Young et al., 1994). Kessler et al., 1997) and the increased risk of depression in relatives of probands with mania (cf. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. The prevailing model is that the depressions within unipolar and bipolar disorders are qualitatively different in etiology and phenomenology. Sheline YI, Barch DM, Donnelly JM, Ollinger JM, Snyder AZ, Mintun MA. Daniel J. Smith, Department of Psychological Medicine, Monmouth House, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4DW, UK. Meehl PE, Yonce LJ. Among participants with a history of hypomania, those with no history of depression did not differ from normal controls in terms of negative cognitive style. Social support and self-esteem predict changes in bipolar depression but not mania. Federspiel, A. Social desirability and bipolar affective disorder. Increased intracellular calcium concentration and mobilization has also been documented (Emamghoreishi et al., 1997; Okamoto, Kagaya, Shinno, Motohashi, & Yamawaki, 1994;). With the exception of intervention studies and some recent psychosocial research, most studies are cross-sectional or retrospective. Indeed, the strong inconsistencies suggest one possible interpretation of this literature. 20. Social cognition and the manic defense: Attributions, selective attention, and self-schema in bipolar affective disorder. Do life events exert the same magnitude of effect for bipolar and unipolar depression? Coyne JC, Whiffen VE. Wu, Chung-Hsien 8600 Rockville Pike Amerio, A. Hirschfeld RMA, Cross CK. Beckmann H, Goodwin FK. This guideline applies to adult and adolescent (12 years and older) patients with unipolar depressive disorders. Su, Ming-Hsiang Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Sleep deprivation elevates mood and leads to a temporary remission of symptoms in about 60% of patients with unipolar depression (e.g., Albert, Merz, Schubert, & Ebert, 1998; Wu & Bunney, 1991); these individuals are referred to as SD responders. Boyce, Philip Solomon DA, Leon AC, Coryell W, Mueller TI, Posternak MA. There is substantial evidence for abnormalities in serotonin (5-HT) functioning in both unipolar and bipolar depressions. Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, Medical School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK, https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.092726, Reference Mitchell, Frankland, Hadzi-Pavlovic, Roberts, Corry and Wright, Reference Angst, Gamma, Benazzi, Ajdacic, Eich and Rssler, Reference Smith, Griffiths, Kelly, Hood, Craddock and Simpson, Reference Forty, Smith, Jones, Jones, Caesar and Cooper, Reference Mitchell, Goodwin, Johnson and Hirshfeld, Reference Sachs, Nierenberg, Calabrese, Marangell, Wisniewski and Gyulai, Reference Craddock, Antebi, Attenburrow, Bailey, Carson and Cowen, Comparison of depressive episodes in bipolar disorder and in major depressive disorder within bipolar disorder pedigrees, Toward a re-definition of subthreshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for bipolar-II, minor bipolar disorders and hypomania, Specificity of bipolar spectrum conditions in the comorbidity of mood and substance use disorders: results from the Zurich Cohort Study, Heterogeneity of DSM-IV major depressive disorder as a consequence of subthreshold bipolarity, Major depressive disorder with subthreshold bipolarity in the national comorbidity survey replication, Unrecognised bipolar disorder in primary care patients with depression, Clinical differences between bipolar and unipolar depression, Bipolar depression: phenomenological overview and clinical characteristics, Distinctions between bipolar and unipolar depression, Diagnostic guidelines for bipolar depression: a probabilistic approach, ManicDepressive Illness: Bipolar Disorders and Recurrent Depression, Cade's disease and beyond: misdiagnosis, antidepressant use and a proposed definition for bipolar spectrum disorder, Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: how far have we really come? Manji HK, Chen G, Shimon H, Hsiao JK, Porrer WZ, Belmaker RH. Types of therapy used to treat unipolar depression include interpersonal therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. It is not yet possible to know how many distinct disorders it might be useful to recognise or whether major mood disorders are better conceptualised as a continuum or as a set of overlapping pathological processes. and Most studies perform a large number of separate statistical tests, comparing each individual symptom between unipolar and bipolar depression. Perhaps rather than dividing mood disorders into unipolar and bipolar depression, the field would be better served by examining depression, regardless of comorbid mania. Taking treatment trials as an example, it is interesting to speculate that many previous trials of antidepressants for major depression may have been compromised because they included patients with major depressive disorder with subdiagnostic (but clinically important) features of bipolar disorder. Due to the cognitive and personality similarities between unipolar and bipolar depression, it would seem that psychosocial treatments for unipolar depression should be equally effective for bipolar depression. This strategy could usefully be applied in the fields of neuro-imaging, neuroendocrinology and in medication treatment trials. Individuals with bipolar and unipolar depression may vary on a range of characteristics as a result of the mania. Diagnostic criteria for bipolar I disorder require only one lifetime manic episode, but do not require an episode of depression (APA, 1994). Chou, Tina Howland RH, Thase ME. The role of psychosocial variables in the course of unipolar depression is supported by a vast literature. Beyond the temporal characteristics of course, other studies have focused on severity. Usually treatment works best if you combine common treatments such as therapy and medication. Blanco, Carlos Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Rather than labeling one strategy as correct, we flag this issue as it may influence the ability to compare findings across studies. They may feel empty, hopeless, sad, or uncertain about the future. That is, vulnerability factors for both mania and depression are presumed to be fairly constant. Although people with bipolar disorder do not obtain elevated scores on standard measures of defensiveness (Donnelly & Murphy, 1973; Donnelly, Murphy, & Goodwin, 1976), some have argued that measures of attributional style, or how an individual would interpret negative life events, may invoke less defensiveness (Lyon et al., 1999). One study supports the importance of examining history of depression. (2003) tested models of heritability. Klein M. Mourning and its relation to manicdepressive states. Beyond defining diagnostic inclusion criteria, there are other problems likely to plague researchers in this area. A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression. Differences found between unipolar and bipolar depression might not be due to differences in the depressions per se, but rather in differences attributable to concurrent manic symptoms, scarring from previous manic episodes, or manic vulnerability. One such study found that among college students with a lifetime history of either unipolar disorder or a bipolar spectrum disorder, self-referential negative encoding in interaction with negative life events predicted 11.7% of the variance in depressive symptoms (combined across bipolar II and unipolar participants) one month later (Reilly-Harrington, Alloy, Fresco, & Whitehouse, 1999). Rodrguez-Cano, Elena In: Joiner T, Coyne JC, editors. In: Millon T, Blaney PH, Davis RD, editors. Distinctions between bipolar and unipolar depression - PMC Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Ellicott A, Hammen C, Gitlin M, Brown G, Jamison K. Life events and the course of bipolar disorder. Fernndez-Corcuera, Paloma We divide studies into those that focus on cognitive styles during depression, during remission, and cognitive styles that predict depression. In other words, some genes might lead to the development of bipolar disorder, whereas others might lead to either bipolar disorder or unipolar disorder, depending on environmental influences. Major depressive disorder. The role of the brain reward system in depression. Cross-sectional studies will suffer from a logical issue in deciphering the contributions of vulnerability to mania and depression. The course of affective disorders: II. We know that many patients with bipolar disorder are misdiagnosed as having major depressive disorder, often for several years - even after having experienced full-blown episodes of hypomania and mania - and that their recall of periods of hypomania is often poor. Dorz S, Borgherini G, Conforti D, Scarso C, Magni G. Depression in inpatients: Bipolar vs. unipolar. The evolving bipolar spectrum. (this issue), suggests that we may need to acknowledge that both of these assumptions are no longer correct. Studies on the serotonin uptake binding site in major depressive disorder and control post-mortem brain: Neurochemical and clinical correlates. Reference Spence7. Many studies have focused on life events and episodes in bipolar disorder, but few of these have been prospective, and few have differentiated independent events, defined as those that were not caused by symptoms or pathology (see Johnson & Roberts, 1995, for a review). These issues usually show effect on behavioural changes and some routine reactions that person feels. Although results across methodologies were not consistent, appetite loss (Gurpegui, Casanova, & Cervera, 1985) and agitation (Beigel & Murphy, 1971; Katz et al., 1982) have each been found to be more prevalent in unipolar depression than bipolar depression within three studies that included a drug washout period. Guedj, Eric Karkowski LM, Kendler KS. These studies launched a series of studies examining mood-congruent and mood-dependent memory (Blaney, 1986; Bower, 1981). Nevertheless, there exists a growing body of research suggesting that we need to develop and test diagnostic approaches to bipolar disorder which go beyond merely screening for a history of hypomania or mania. In this model, some genetic vulnerabilities are shared and others are disorder-specific. Unipolar depression is a term used interchangeably with major depressive order, and is characterized by continuous feelings of sadness, low mood, feelings of worthlessness, lack of interest in activities you used to enjoy, as well as suicidal ideation. One way to assess regulatory strength in patients with affective disorders is to provide a challenge to the underlying neurobiological systems; low regulatory strength would be reflected in a larger response to challenge. DA activity appears to be similar in unipolar and bipolar depression. D.J.S. One prediction from this model is that bipolar disorder might be associated with a more exaggerated response to psychosocial stressors than unipolar depression is. Guo, Fanjia Psychotherapy is an effective way to treat unipolar depression. The Role of Exercise in Preventing and Treating Depression. Unipolar Depression: What It Means and How to Recognize It - Healthline von Zerssen D. Melancholic and manic types of personality as premorbid structures in affective disorders. In: Bloom FE, Kuper DJ, editors. Chen, Heng A controlled, univariate analysis. 2020. This system is increasingly recognized as changing over the life course in response to cumulative stress exposure as well as immediate stressful circumstances. Borkowska A, Rybakowski J. Neuropsychological frontal lobe test indicate that bipolar depressed patients are more impaired than unipolar. "coreDisableSocialShare": false, As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature.
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