is arabinose a carbohydrateis arabinose a carbohydrate

HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help At HealthMatters, we're committed to maintaining the security and confidentiality of your personal information. The supplementation of L-arabinose (400 mg/kg bodyweight/day) to metabolic syndrome rats showed a remarkable decrease in body weight gain compared to the Model group (p<0.05) after 6 weeks of treatment. Since the groups at the top and the bottom of the chain are not the same, there are no meso isomers. L-Arabinose is a non-caloric sugar, which could affect glucose and lipid metabolism and suppress obesity. To further evaluate the degree of liver injury and the potential effect of L-arabinose in the metabolic syndrome model, serum ALT and AST levels were determined. Commercial kits for the measurement of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and hepatic glycogen were obtained from the Jian Cheng Biotechnology Company (Nanjing, China). The supplementation of L-arabinose to metabolic syndrome rats reversed the change to near-normal levels (Table 5). The change of dietary habits, principally the increased intake of high-carbohydrate, high-fat (HCHF) diet, which is rich in saturated fat and refined sugar, is one of the most important causes that contribute to the growing prevalence of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type-2 diabetes (5). Ann Intern Med. However, there was no significant difference in body length in all rats. Tissues were cut into slices of 36 m thickness and stained with hematoxylineosin (H&E). and transmitted securely. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. They deacetylate partially acetylated 4- O -methyl-D-glucuronoxylan, the main hardwood hemicellulose, or its fragments generated upon the action of endo-1,4--xylanases ( Hakulinen et al., 2000 ). 3d). Martnez-Abundis E, Mndez-Del Villar M, Prez-Rubio KG, Zuiga LY, Cortez-Navarrete M, Ramrez-Rodriguez A, Gonzlez-Ortiz M. World J Diabetes. 3h). Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. The metabolic syndrome and inflammation. 1b. Hepatic over-expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor 2 in the ob/ob mouse model of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. eg: cyclic forms of D-glucose The conclusion is that arabinose is represented by structure 2, and glucose and mannose are the two structures to its right. Rats were adapted to the commercial pellet feed for a week and were then divided into two groups: the control group (Control, n=24), which were fed with a standard normal diet with normal drinking water; and the metabolic syndrome group (Model, n=32), which were fed with a HCHF diet for 14 weeks to induce metabolic syndrome. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Histological sections of liver and white adipose tissue. Each liver was divided into three parts. It is not metabolized endogenously and is eliminated by the urine, so consequently high levels of arabinose in the urine may be a good indicator of Candida infections. Arabinose is a five-carbon sugar with the function of the aldehyde called aldose. Treatment with L-arabinose restored the decrease in CPT-1 expression level of by 30.2% (Fig. - Ingestion of arabinose rich foods (apples, plums, cherries, grapes), - Joint inflammation leading to release of hyaluronic acid, - Rule out arabinose containing foods (apples, plums, cherries, grapes). These data show that L-arabinose has strong anti-inflammation effects and effectively alleviates metabolic syndrome by changing the plasma levels and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissues. All of the sugars in the figure above are D-sugars. Zhao L, Wang Y, Zhang G, Zhang T, Lou J, Liu J. Nutrients. Serum FFA levels are shown in Table 5. HOMA-IR index was determined according to the formula: fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS). The insulin sensitivity was evaluated by insulin tolerance tests (ITTs), oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index. L-arabinose can be released from lignocellulosic biomasses by acid-catalysed or enzymatic hydrolysis. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The effect of L-arabinose on SBP in experimental animals is shown in Fig. Animal maintenance and handling were performed according to the National Institutes of Health's Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. p<0.05, ## Your email address will not be published. *, Effects of L-arabinose on oral glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test. Keywords: In the Control+LA group, the serum TG was significantly lower than that of the Control group, whereas serum HDL-C was significantly higher than that of the Control group (p<0.05). However, L-arabinose supplement improved the degree of viscera injury, suggesting that L-arabinose protects the viscera state of metabolic syndrome rats. -, Gami AS, Witt BJ, Howard DE, Erwin PJ, Gami LA, Somers VK, et al. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs. Control; # 2016 Apr 10;7(7):142-52. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i7.142. L-Arabinose has a very similar taste to sucrose, but with half the sweetness of sucrose; furthermore, it is not involved in metabolic processes in animals, thus L-arabinose is a non-caloric sugar. All data were expressed as meanstandard deviation (SD). Rats in the metabolic syndrome group had heavier body weight and higher DBP and SBP compared to the control group. The ring forms look like this, keeping in mind that alpha and beta anomers are also involved here: Again, we have an equilibrium between the open chain form and the two diastereoisomeric anomers. Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Telegram (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window). However, this change was reversed to normal levels after L-arabinose treatment. 1 and Table 3. The beginning "aldo" means that there is an aldehyde in the compound. Epub 2017 May 16. Your email address will not be published. Wang X, Yao XF, Ying Y, Liu J, Wang Z. [5], Originally commercialized as a sweetener, arabinose is an inhibitor of sucrase, the enzyme that breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose in the small intestine.[6]. Would you like email updates of new search results? J Am Coll Cardiol. Experimental result: Kiliani-Fischer chain extension applied to arabinose produces glucose and mannose. There are a total of sixteen stereoisomers possible. Navigate to Metabolic Analysis Markers (Urine). Lessons from animal models. Adipokines (adiponectin and leptin) (a and b) and inflammatory factor (c) changed markedly, after L-arabinose treatment. Most of the strain-specific genes were involved in carbohydrate metabolism and are potentially required for its persistence in sourdough. L-Arabinose did not demonstrate differences on mRNA expression between the Control+LA group and the Control group. Krog-Mikkelsen I, Tetens I, Holst JJ, Bukhave K. The effects of L-arabinose on intestinal sucrase activity in man. One part of epididymal white adipose tissue was cut and fixed in 10% (v/v) neutral formalin solution for histological analysis, and the remaining part was used for molecular detection. Furthermore, factors such as drug administration, physical training that enhanced insulin sensitivity, and reduced serum insulin levels also lower blood pressure (23). for example, reduction of fructose leads to D-glucitol and D-mannitol [15 ]. This representation of rings is known as the Haworth formula. Taken together, these changes in fatty acid and carbohydrate abundance are indicative of the preparation method used for each sample. Thoughts on health, lab results, and lifestyle HealthMatters Blog. Serum was separated by centrifugation at 3,000g for 15 min at 4C and stored at 80C for further analysis. All values are the meanSD. We'll look at two examples, ribose, which is a key component of RNA, and glucose because of its abundance. We understand that to mean that it is a sugar having six carbons in a straight unbranched chain which ends in an aldehyde group. Objective: Rats were monitored daily for body weight and food and water intake. It has been well reported that L-arabinose selectively inhibits intestinal sucrase activity in an uncompetitive manner by forming an enzyme-inhibitor-substrate (EIS) complex and suppresses the glycemic response (25, 26). While glucose provides the canonical. L-Arabinose, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, insulin resistance, adipocytokines. Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. The carbohydrate of the blood group substances is (A) Sucrose (B) Fucose (C) Arabinose (D) Maltose It is not metabolized endogenously and is eliminated by the urine, so consequently high . The area under the glucose-time curse (AUC) was also calculated by the following formula: (AUC0120min = (G0+G30) 30/2 + (G30+G60) 30/2 + (G60+G120) 60/2). We strive to make the data entry process easy for you. 3c) compared to livers from the Control group (Fig. Glucose Carbohydrates have been given non-systematic names, although the suffix ose is generally used. After the rat model for metabolic syndrome was successfully established, L-arabinose was administrated by oral gavage for 6 weeks. Carbohydrate Fermentation Test is the biochemical test used to assess the ability of bacteria to ferment a specific carbohydrate and to differentiate bacteria based on their carbohydrate fermentation pattern and identify them. 3e). Zhang et al. Background: L-Arabinose is a non-caloric sugar, which could affect glucose and lipid metabolism and suppress obesity. After 14 weeks, the metabolic syndrome group rats showed characteristics of abdominal obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolic disorders, indicating that the rat model for metabolic syndrome was successfully established. All animals were individually housed and maintained in an environmentally controlled breeding room (temperature: 242C; humidity: 5010%; 12 h light/dark cycle). Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency. (a) Gene expression of Adiponectin. Legal. Changes in hepatic expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis. Therefore, it is important to understand the effects of L-arabinose on the functioning of human organisms with chronic conditions, such as metabolic syndrome. Hepatic glycogen levels in the liver were measured using a commercial kit. Metabolism and Health Effects of Rare Sugars in a CACO-2/HepG2 Coculture Model. Perhaps most importantly, he had a group of talented and dedicated students. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs. Control; # 0 - 96 mmol/mol creatinine. Results: Reagan-Shaw S, Nihal M, Ahmad N. Dose translation from animal to human studies revisited. Carbohydrates (sugars) are the most abundant organic molecules in nature. Doses of L-arabinose ranging from 50 mg/kg bodyweight to 1,000 mg/kg bodyweight have been used in several other reports (19, 21). He made the assumption that it was one of the ones above so that he could work on the diastereoisomeric part of the problem, hoping that later work would resolve the question of which enantiomer best represented glucose. However, the hypertrophic adipocytes were reversed by L-arabinose treatment (Fig. (a) Gene expression of ACC. 2004), organic chemistry, and biochemistry, sugar is used as the general term for simple carbohydrates, that is, monosaccharides and disaccharides. L-Arabinose administration prevented obesity, lowered SBP, DBP, and FBG in rats induced by high-carbohydrate, high-fat (HCHF) diet. (a) normal liver histology of Control rats; (b) normal liver histology of Control+LA rats; (c) steatosis, inflammation and, fibrosis in Model rats; (d) attenuated lipid deposition and inflammation in Model+LA rats; (e) normal WAT histology of Control rats; (f) normal WAT histology of Control+LA rats; (g) hypertrophic adipocytes in Model rats; (h) smaller adipocytes in Model+LA rats. After L-arabinose treatment, the level of adiponectin increased by 22.2%, while leptin and TNF- decreased by 11.1% and 13.6%, respectively. In order to explore the possible mechanism of L-arabinose on metabolic syndrome, six target genes related to metabolism including TNF-, leptin, IL-6, ACC, CPT-1, and CPT-1 were measured by real-time PCR in liver and adipose tissues. However, arabinitol (which converts to arabinose) is also documented to be produced by the Candida genus of yeast. L-Arabinose improves hypercholesterolemia via regulating bile acid metabolism in high-fat-high-sucrose diet-fed mice. 8600 Rockville Pike have described an improved Z. mobilis strain capable of producing ethanol from xylose and arabinose (Figure 1). He had available samples of glucose and mannose, both aldohexoses, and arabinose, an aldopentose. It could lower body weight, Lee's index, visceral index, and SBP and improve dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, inflammation, and viscera function. The thermodynamics of the equilibria between aqueous ribose, ribulose, and arabinose were investigated using high-pressure liquid chromatography and microcalorimetry. Moreover, the hepatic glycogen levels of the Model group decreased by 22.1% compared to the Control group. We show that AsAAT1 has high specificity for UDP--l-arabinopyranose, identify two amino acids required for sugar donor specificity, and through targeted mutagenesis convert AsAAT1 into a glucosyltransferase. [4], Arabinose gets its name from gum arabic, from which it was first isolated. How did Fischer determine which of the eight structures above was glucose? Table 5 shows the effect of L-arabinose on serum lipid profiles. Small pieces of liver and epididymal white adipose tissue (about 10 g) were fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution and embedded in paraffin. Huang PL. As the name implies, a carbohydrate is a molecule whose molecular formula can be expressed in terms of just carbon and water. The names of the hexoses tell us which diastereoisomer we have; the D or L designation gives us which enantiomer we have. L-Arabinose lowered the levels of inflammation factors in rats induced by high nutritious diet. While Jurgonski et al. Oral glucose tolerance test (A1) and insulin tolerance test (B1) performed on rats. Several other indicators, white adipose tissue weight, liver weight, liver index, and adipose index showed changes similar to those of body weight (Table 3). In the present study, a simple, sensitive, selective, and reliable HPLC method using a photodiode array (PDA) detector and an evaporative light Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Fischer also developed the D/L system for specifying the structures of sugars. The related metabolism needs to be further studied. Effects of L-arabinose supplementation on the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines. There is no limit on how many lab reports you can upload. These may all account for the mechanisms of L-arabinose on the reduction of insulin resistance. We use procedural, physical, and electronic security methods designed to prevent unauthorized people from getting access to this information. Gami AS, Witt BJ, Howard DE, Erwin PJ, Gami LA, Somers VK, et al. In-depth research on any test at your fingertips, all stored and tracked in one place. Your test results may not mean you have a problem. The production of L-arabonate and D-galactonate employing a versatile l-arabinose dehydrogenase (AraDH) from Azospirillum brasilense is presented. As shown in Table 2, there were significant differences in parameters of serum lipid metabolism in the metabolic syndrome group, including hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesteremia, and an obvious increase in LDL-C. p<0.01 vs. Model. PPAR in hepatic tissue plays a key role in the development of hepatic steatosis (32). Cong WN, Tao RY, Tian JY, Liu GT, Ye F. The establishment of a novel non-alcoholic steatohepatitis model accompanied with obesity and insulin resistance in mice. and transmitted securely. This study was conducted to explore the effects of L-arabinose in rats with metabolic syndrome induced by a high-carbohydrate, high-fat (HCHF) diet. Before 1a shows that the body weight gain in the Model group was significantly higher than that of the Control group for 8 weeks (p<0.05). Methods. In theory, this may block some binding sites for coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate, biotin or lipoic acid at the lysyl residue in apoenzyme proteins. Since the alpha and beta anomers are diastereoisomers, they have different properties; in particular, different optical activities. 2011 Feb;49(2):139-45. Arabinose is an aldopentose - a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including an aldehyde (CHO) functional group. It had been reported that the dose of 1 g/kg L-arabinose did not cause diarrhea in rats and the LD50 value was 20 g/kg orally. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). (c) Gene expression of PDK4. Therefore, it has shown great merits as a sweetener and a food additive to improve obesity and maintain good health. A total of 56 weaning male Wistar rats (age: 8 weeks old; weight: 13010 g) were purchased from Experimental Animal Center of Beijing University. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The metabolic syndrome animals also exhibited a significant increase in fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting insulin (FINS); in addition, lipid metabolism disorders were manifested as fatty and hyperlipidemia (Table 2). Effects of L-arabinose on oral glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test. -. Another example is that of D-arabinose and D-lyxose, which both generate D-arabitol. At the end of the experimental diet period, the rats were fasted for 12 h and were sacrificed under carbon dioxide anesthesia. Cyclic Forms of Carbohydrates. Annu Rev Med. This study was supported by grants from National Science and Technology Support Project (125 Program, No. The biochemical index and histological analysis were measured, and the expression levels of genes related to fatty acid metabolism were analyzed using real-time PCR. The concentration of FFA in the Model group was 1.9-fold higher than the Control group. Supplementation of Syzygium cumini seed powder prevented obesity, glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in high carbohydrate high fat diet induced obese rats. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of dangerous factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver and cardiovascular diseases, including central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance (15, 16). 2022 Dec 7;11(5):2232-2242. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3136. Received 2015 Jun 18; Revised 2015 Nov 17; Accepted 2015 Nov 17. All values are meanSD. All values are meanSD. As shown in Table 5, serum ALT and AST levels of the Model group rats increased by 134.5% and 90.8%, respectively. Application of natural product-inspired diversity-oriented synthesis to drug discovery. Rahimian R, MasihKhan E, Lo M, Van Breemen C, McManus BM, Dube GP. Montelukast and irbesartan ameliorate metabolic and hepatic disorders in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in rats. Since carbohydrates contain a carbonyl and an alcohol functional groups, they can form intramolecular (cyclic) hemiacetals. Oral glucose tolerance test (A1) and insulin tolerance test (B1) performed on rats. Based on it, the dosage for the rats in this study (400 mg/kg bodyweight/day) was calculated according to 2 g/day L-arabinose in adults using the formula according to the research of Reagan-Shaw (20). Poudyal H, Panchal SK, Ward LC, Waanders J, Brown L. Chronic high-carbohydrate, high-fat feeding in rats induces reversible metabolic, cardiovascular, and liver changes. Rhamnose (Rha, Rham) is a naturally occurring deoxy sugar. Disclaimer. Our technology helps to understand, combine, track, organize, and act on your medical lab test results. Traditionally, in carbohydrate chemistry, the furanose rings and the pyranose rings in carbohydrate molecules are shown in the planar conformation, placed on the plane perpendicular to the plane of the paper. Key Points The chiral carbon furthest from the carbonyl group determines the absolute configuration L or D of the sugar. 1. The site is secure. The rat's systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured by a non-invasive blood pressure meter every 2 weeks. PMC One part was cut and fixed in 10% (v/v) neutral formalin solution for histological analysis. InChI=1S/C5H10O5/c6-1-3(8)5(10)4(9)2-7/h1,3-5,7-10H,2H2/t3-,4-,5+/m1/s1, InChI=1/C5H10O5/c6-1-3(8)5(10)4(9)2-7/h1,3-5,7-10H,2H2/t3-,4-,5+/m1/s1, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, The D/L nomenclature does not refer to the molecule's optical rotation properties but to its structural analogy to, "The effects of L-arabinose on intestinal sucrase activity: dose-response studies in vitro and in humans", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabinose&oldid=1157354629, Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs, Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing, Chemical articles with multiple CAS registry numbers, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, 164 to 165C (327 to 329F; 437 to 438K), This page was last edited on 28 May 2023, at 02:46. In addition, we conducted pathological tests of white adipose tissue and the sizes of adipocytes in the four groups are shown in Fig. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies You can review the material on cyclohexane for a more detailed analysis of this material. (b) Gene expression of CPT-1. Our exclusive data entry service is a convenient way to get your results into your private dashboard. Arabinose is a breakdown product of hyaluronic acid; also found in certain foods. Western diet consumption and cognitive impairment: links to hippocampal dysfunction and obesity. Thus, xylose and arabinose are the constituents of pentosans present in plant fibres and . government site. If we go back to the possibilities for arabinose, we find that the two on the top come from structure 2 for arabinose, which was a possibility, while the two on the bottom come from structure 3, which was ruled out earlier. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the This work suggests that L-arabinose could lower body weight, Lee's index, and visceral index and improve dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, inflammation, and viscera function, which indicate that it might be a promising candidate for therapies combating metabolic syndrome. Remember that there is an equilibrium between a hemiacetal and the aldehyde/alcohol it comes from, and that high energy materials don't persist at equilibrium. p<0.05, ## van Laar A, Grootaert C, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D, Desmet T, Beerens K, Van Camp J. Nutrients. Test results may vary depending on your age, gender, health history, the method used for the test, and other things. Marcaurelle LA, Johannes CW. As shown in Fig. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Blood glucose concentrations were measured before and after injection of insulin (0.6 U/kg) and glucose (2 g/kg) for 30, 60, and 120 min. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and coronary artery disease: a complex metabolic web. In plants they occur in polymeric forms and are collectively known as pentosans. 2004;140:16774. Thus, D-xylose and L-arabinose are C4-epimers since they are different in the 4th carbon. The most common carbohydrate is glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ). The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in US adults. Learn how your comment data is processed. 2005;111:144854. Before There was a great deal more to be done to confirm this conclusion and to synthesize the other six aldohexoses, but Fischer's exercise in logic and dedicated experimentation led to the conclusion that the eight D-aldohexoses are: Notice that the new sugar which was produced from glucose by the "exchange ends" experiment is L-gulose. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. However, few reports have described the effect of L-arabinose in metabolic syndrome, a combination of medical disorders that increase the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. After L-arabinose treatment, these values returned to near-normal levels in the Model+LA group. Conclusions: 2022 Nov 3;9:1019205. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1019205. Whether by offering dozens of templates to choose from that pre-populate the most popular laboratory panels or by giving you instant feedback on the entered values. The structure we have drawn for the ring is flat. Chen J, Muntner P, Hamm LL, Jones DW, Batuman V, Fonseca V, et al. 4b, ,c).c). Upload your lab reports and get your interpretation today. This service is excellent whether you have a lot of reports to upload or are too busy to do the data entry yourself. 2017 Jun 2;17(1):289. doi: 10.1186/s12906-017-1799-8. If we look at the corresponding location in the monosaccharide and ask what the functional group might be, we see that it is a hemiacetal. PDK4 is the rate-limiting enzyme of glucose oxidation, and its expression was significantly decreased by 87.2% in the Model group. The .gov means its official. Our internal code of conduct adds additional privacy protection. 6c). Both the open-chain and cyclic structures of the D -aldoses up to C 6 are shown in Figure 20-1. (c) Gene expression of TNF-. The results indicate that L-arabinose has an ability to decrease SBP levels in the hypertensive state. Applying the terms defined above, glucose is a monosaccharide, an aldohexose (note that the function and size classifications are combined in one word) and a reducing sugar. (b) Gene expression of Leptin. Table 4 exhibits the effect of L-arabinose on GLUT4 in experimental animals. The metabolic syndrome model was achieved by a HCHF diet in Wistar male rats. In this study, we have estimated the efficacy of L-arabinose in rats fed with a HCHF diet as an appropriate model for human metabolic syndrome. Li Y, Yu Y, Wu J, Xu Y, Xiao G, Li L, Liu H. Foods. Bookshelf Alzoubi KH, Abdul-Razzak KK, Khabour OF, Al-Tuweiq GM, Alzubi MA, Alkadhi KA. Overview Emil Fischer made use of several key reactions in the course of his carbohydrate studies. The mRNA levels of TNF- and leptin were decreased by approximately 52.6 and 51.9% in the Model+LA group compared to the Model group (Fig. If we consider that the OH group on the bottom carbon could form a hemiacetal with the aldehyde function, then we get a ring, and that structure fits our description of a monosaccharide.