what is a conditioned response quizletwhat is a conditioned response quizlet

When psychology was first starting as a field, scientists felt they couldn't objectively describe what was going on in people's heads. You will use this knowledge to discuss applications of respondent conditioning in Module 5 and then see how the learning paradigm relates to operant conditioning, a second associative model. Which of the following factors does NOT influence the strength of respondent conditioning? Recall that in the stimulus substitution theory, the CR is identical or almost identical to the UR. In blocking (Kamin, 1969; 1968), the compound stimulus is composed of an NS and a CS and the established CS interferes with learning a new CS relationship. Vinney, Cynthia. The lesson will help you: 10 chapters | If something was not clear, please ask your instructor about it. neutral stimulus; CR, conditioned response, When a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an already established CS and the NS becomes a CS, this is called. Appetitive and aversive conditioning. Nicholas Mackintosh (1975) presented a very simple theory of conditioning centered on the concept of attention. This process in which a conditioned stimulus is no longer able to elicit a conditioned response is referred to as: Following extinction, a conditioned stimulus is presented and the conditioned response occurs. So pre-conditioning is before learning occurs, conditioning is during learning or the acquisition of the relationship between the two stimuli, and post-conditioning is after learning has occurred. After respondent extinction occurred in which the dog no longer salivated to the sound of the metronome, later Pavlov presented the metronome and the dog began to salivate (to a lesser extent). Define all terms. In the study, Siegel placed a rats paw on a hot plate and measured latency in terms of how long it took the rat to pull its paw off the plate. Illustration by Emily Roberts, Verywell How Does Conditioned Stimulus Work? Instead, rats groomed the live rat CS. By doing this, you are trying to teach the dog to salivate to the green light, but when the stimuli are presented separately, the tone (CS) elicits salivation (CR) while the green light (NS) causes no response. Other bells would not be followed by food, eventually leading to the extinction of the erroneous association. Being exposed repeatedly to the US before conditioning, the organism may habituate to it at least to some degree, making conditioning more difficult. Emotional responses could be anxiety, happiness, sadness, pain, and variety of other . It would not be surprising to learn that conditioning occurs relatively fast when aversive US are involved. Hence, the UR and CR being identical, or even close, is not always the case as Pavlovs theory suggests. a. be keenly aware of the cognitive processes involved. As you might expect, conditioning in this procedure is poor since the NS does not predict the occurrence of the US. I believed they were just normal seasonal allergies and worse that year than past years, which did happen from time-to-time. d. Higher order conditioning. This is probably due to, Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. Stimulation that is painful to the body is as example of a(n) ____________ stimulus. Meanwhile, a conditioned response is learned and is only acquired if the individual has made an association between an unconditioned and conditioned stimulus. The concept of conditioned response has its origins in classical conditioning, which was discovered by Ivan Pavlov. The important thing to understand is that not all behaviors occur due to reinforcement and punishment as operant conditioning says. The US of food has a maximum associative strength of 8 units which is transferred in full to the tone (CS) upon acquisition. a) a positive emotional response when a man smells his girlfriend's perfume b) startle response in response to the sight of a gun c) fear response (autonomic arousal) when walking down a dark street d) startle response in response to loud noise Now the alley (NS2) is paired with the person wearing the ski mask (CS1) which causes fear (CR), and post-conditioning shows that the alley (CS2) causes fear (CR). ThoughtCo. Temporal factors affecting conditioning. List 5 factors that influence respondent conditioning. For instance, spacing the trials 5 minutes apart is more effective than spacing them 25 seconds apart. I will use the shorthand the rest of the way through this module and in other places in the book. Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner (1972) developed an associative model of respondent conditioning built on the idea that a given US can only support so much conditioning and must be spread out among the CSs that are present. A measure of 0.5 indicates no conditioning, while measures that deviate from 0.5 reflect effective conditioning, relatively (0 is indicative of asymptotic conditioning). The organism may make the response a few more times with the strength of the response weakening each time until eventually it ends. A less intense stimulus will be a more effective US. Subsequent variations of stimulus-response theory long provided the dominant account of conditioning. Pavlov noticed that while dogs would naturally salivate when food was in their mouths, they salivated at the sight of food. Classical conditioning can be used to slowly and systematically desensitize an individual to the thing that is causing their fear until that fear has been minimized or extinguished completely. English, science, history, and more. This feature may also indicate when a CS will not be followed by the US, called a feature-negative occasion setter (Palmatier, 2014). 4.1.4. The answer is no and eventually, the bell will ring making the dog salivate. d. generates many responses at first, but high response rates are not sustainable. Other side it is before conditioning where a CS is a neutral stimulus that cannot be elicited the target response. After a few months, I no longer worked with rats. Web classical conditioning worksheet answers quizlet discovered by russian physiologist ivan pavlov, classical conditioning is a type of unconscious or automatic learning. 1 For example, if the smell of food is the unconditioned stimulus, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of food is the unconditioned response. The process is repeated until the individual learns to overcome their fear of heights. Choose an answer and hit 'next'. b. latent learning. Contrast appetitive and aversive conditioning. Now when the tone is presented to each group alone, the experimental group would have a strong withdrawal into shell response while the control group may have the same response, but it would be weak. Another name for respondent conditioning is. A person wearing a ski mask would alone not cause any response (it is an NS1). The results showed that rats in the woodblock condition bit the block CS as predicted but this did not occur when a live rat was the CS. To fully understand respondent conditioning, know that the pairings of an NS and US each represent a single trial, called the conditioning trial. Behaviorists were especially critical of Edward Tolmans research because it seemed to indicate that learning could occur. a) a positive emotional response when a man smells his girlfriends perfumeb) startle response in response to the sight of a gunc) fear response (autonomic arousal) when walking down a dark streetd) startle response in response to loud noise. Provide 3 examples of unconditioned responses (identify the US and UR in each example. For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry. He tested the CR by giving the rats an injection of saline in place of insulin. How is generalization developed? With the conclusion of this module, you should have a firm understanding of respondent conditioning in place. _______ learning occurs when the subject has learned something but does not demonstrate it right away. This is an example of, Any physical event that affects a sensory cell so an individual can detect the event is called. A would obviously be more salient than B, or recall from earlier, A. The turtles also withdraw into their shells at the presentation of this stimulus. In the backward conditioning control procedure popular with Pavlov, his dogs did not salivate to the presentation of the CS, in contrast to those that received forward conditioning. d. perform the behavior to avoid an aversive stimulus. A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on _______ conditioning. The rats, upon receipt of the first shock, displayed the expected unconditional responses to the shock (e.g., jumping, squealing, urinating, etc. Go back to our example for higher conditioning. Identify both the respondent and operant behaviors that occurred. Finally, we will discuss five theories of conditioning. The addition of each stimulus beyond the first means that the US must share associative strength across all stimuli. After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that can elicit the . When one learns to drive they also learn that they have to pull over to let emergency vehicles pass. Respondent conditioning. In general, more associative strength is gained in early trials. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The ISI (interstimulus interval) should be relatively brief to use this procedure. We will talk about more complicated forms of conditioning such as higher order conditioning and how conditioning can be appetitive or aversive, or excitatory or inhibitory. C. Fear is a conditioned response. Recognize other terms used for respondent conditioning. For example, let’s suppose that the smell of food is an unconditioned Video: What is a conditioned response quizlet? In 1941 B.F. Skinner and William Kaye Estes were the first to use the term "CER" and demonstrated the phenomenon with rats. In classical conditioning, a conditioned response is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. Complementary to latent inhibition is the concept of US preexposure effect or exposure to a US before conditioning occurs which can make subsequent conditioning more difficult (Randich & LoLordo, 1979). (2021, December 6). In the example just given, the CR and UR are virtually the same. Autumn Rivers. How is instrumental conditioning used in an organization? Enter fruit flies as my research subject of choice for learning and memory experiments from that point forward. In the previous section we saw that generally, the US is presented after the NS though the NS could be followed by the absence of an US. Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). An organism is exposed to a certain stimulus which then produces a biologically significant even and the connection is made. A conditioned response was triggered by a conditioned stimulus after conditioned. The CS is presented and the US is then presented before the termination of the CS. Periodically, a tone was presented, for a brief amount of time, which co-terminated with electric shock to the metal floor (classical delay conditioning). Utilizing the stimulus substitution theory, they predicted that the rats would approach and bite the CSs that were paired with the food. After a few repetitions of the light-food process, the dogs began to salivate in response to the light without any food being provided. a. be keenly aware of the cognitive processes involved. For instance, if an individual is afraid of heights, they would stand at a small elevation while practicing relaxation techniques. For instance, if an individual is pushed into a pool before they know how to swim and flails around helplessly before being pulled out of the water, they may become fearful of physically entering any body of water. Hence, the more preexposure an organism has to a US, the worse learning is later and habituation may be the culprit here. We will then discuss properties governing respondent conditioning to include extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination. c. be motivated to reproduce the behavior. By the end of the experiment, the light becomes a conditioned stimulus because the dog has learned to associate it with food. According to studies by Coover, Murison, & Jellestad and Davis and LeDoux in 1992, when a dog's amygdala is damaged, it does not show fear, and, when tamed by human beings, the dog's stress hormone levels in the blood are lower than they are in a normal dog. The NS and US could occur at the same time such as in simultaneous conditioning. Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer? Respondent conditioning is not likely to occur when the CS ______________ (precedes / follows) the US. Can you clean air filter with just water. It is worth noting that the conditioning procedure described in the preceding section on Pavlov is not the only form it can take. c. not only speeds up learning, but it can also be used to teach very complex tasks. According to Pavlov (1927), respondent conditioning is a matter of substituting one stimulus with another, or the CS acts as a substitute for the US. All rights reserved. a. fear conditioning. Some dogs would even salivate when they heard the footsteps of the person who gave them food coming down the hall. We will be more motivated to learn to associate making an incorrect response with shock if we receive 150 volts compared to 25 volts. These examples have also always presented the NS before the US, but this is not necessary in all cases. If the unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus it is referred to as ____________ conditioning. Associative strength goes up with each trial, though the amount of associative strength gained on a trial is a function of the level of prior training. It is likely not surprising to learn that conditioning occurs quicker if the US is more intense. The type of reinforcement used will determine the outcome. Looking for spare change when you hear the bell of an ice cream truck on the next block. The key is that the NS is presented just before the US which yields a UR (in most cases; more on that in a bit). Hence, the NS would become a CS-. If this is true, conditioning and the discrimination was learned. The entire process of conditioning, to include when we first make the association between an NS and US to its strengthening over time through repeated pairings, is called acquisition. The period of time between the NS terminating and the US beginning is called the trace interval and ideally should be short, or a few seconds. The experimental group would have the tone and tap paired together resulting in a withdrawal response. Differentiate stimulus generalization and discrimination. The intensity of the response, or in this case it being stronger in the experimental rather than control condition, indicates conditioning has truly occurred. This would be particularly true in the case of a compound stimulus. These include delay, trace, simultaneous, and backward conditioning. There is a maximum associative strength that can develop between a US and CS. Four main ideas are captured in this model. The US would occur first and last for a few seconds with the NS starting near the end of this time. In Pavlov's original demonstration of classical conditioning, he used a backward conditioning arrangement as the control condition. Consider drug tolerance. What was the end result? This property is called spontaneous recovery and is when the CS elicits the CR after extinction has occurred. Conditioned responses are an important part of classical conditioning, a learning theory discovered by Ivan Pavlov. Contrast excitatory and inhibitory conditioning. Fear and anxiety are different physiological and emotional reactions. d. foods he dislikes right after he begins to feel sick. A conditioned response is a learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral. Lets say a green light and high-pitched tone were both presented at the same time and paired with the US of food which elicits salivation (UR). d. irrational fear of particular objects or situations. Siegel et al. order conditioning. A conditioned stimulus is a substitute stimulus that triggers the same response in an organism as an unconditioned stimulus. Note that the suppression of lever-pressing was robust, even though the operant, lever-press - food contingency was not altered at all. 4.2.2. So how might this work? Also keep in mind that the stimulus is what is sensed in the world through vision, hearing, smell, taste, or touch. Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning while studying the salivation responses of dogs. Advertisements such as the one shown here are an attempt to use _______ on consumers. He wasn't a psychologist, but he was looking for this type of breakthrough. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon and won a Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work. So exit mice and rats. In one situation, a woodblock was secured to a platform and was the CS for food, while in the other situation a live rat was secured to the platform and was the CS for food. Which of the following is NOT an example of a conditioned response? 4.2.1. If every time you go to the dentist your teeth are cleaned so thoroughly that your gums are raw and uncomfortable for the rest of the day, you may become conditioned to dread visiting the dentist's office. If the light is off when the bell rings (NS), no food comes out, which will not elicit the behavior of salivation. A young child who reaches out to pet a barking dog is bitten by the dog and cries. The context in which learning occurs is also important. In Panel A, the taste of food makes a dog salivate. However, since Pavlov was studying conditioned excitation, by measuring drops of saliva, he could not experimentally measure the inhibition of salivation. The association occurs naturally. What is the main idea of operant conditioning? Describe and exemplify higher order conditioning. 4.1.2.3. What Is a Conditioned Response? Conditioning is also more effective when the trials are spaced rather than massed (Menzel et al., 2001). Lets say we ring the bell for 10 seconds and then there is a 5-second gap before the food enters the room. Animals can detect fear, so this was not a good development, but also my confidence declined. Though when I started the rats in particular did not scare me, one fateful March day I injected a rat in the wrong spot, hurt it (unintentionally, of course), and it promptly turned around and took a piece of my hand with it. This worksheet and quiz will let you master the following abilities: To understand concepts related to conditioning, read through the lesson called Conditioned Response: Definition & Examples. Contrast appetitive and aversive conditioning. What is a conditioned response quizlet? To know if the effect on the behavior you are seeing is due to conditioning and not sensitization, a simple adjustment can be made the inclusion of a control group. The period between the presentation of the NS and then the US (Panel C) within a conditioning trial is called the interstimulus interval. - Definition & Examples Quiz, What is Motivation? For Palovs dogs, they associated the ringing of a bell (NS) with the presentation of the food (US) which caused their salivation (UR). The association of the garage door with her closely followed entrance into the house has conditioned the childrens excited response. Which of the following is NOT an example of an unconditioned response? As you would expect, the more similar the new stimulus is to the original CS, the stronger the response will be. In Panel B, we see that a neutral stimulus (NS) yields nothing. A person wearing a ski mask is an excitatory CS for fear but seeing someone wearing such a mask during the daytime leads to an inhibition of fear. This module describes several basic types of learning, but it focuses primarily on two. Knowing innately how to respond to stimuli without having to be taught. But consider a rat that is shocked (US) and displays fear (UR). Biography of Ivan Pavlov, Father of Classical Conditioning, Most Influential Scientists of the 20th Century, 7 Weather-Related Phobias and What Causes Them, Frequently Asked Biology Questions and Answers, What Is Operant Conditioning? For example, the smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus, a feeling of hunger in response to the smell is an unconditioned response, and the sound of a whistle when you smell the food is a conditioned stimulus. Secondary reinforcers are also called conditioned reinforcers and do not occur naturally and need to be learned. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. Jerking your hand back when you accidentally hurt it. The term conditioned emotional response ( CER) can refer to a specific learned behavior or a procedure commonly used in classical or Pavlovian conditioning research. 4.1.2.1. Conditioning is a type of learning that links some sort of trigger or stimulus to a human behavior or response. If the man is flying on a plane (NS) and has a panic attack (US) which causes him a fear (UR), then in the future the mere thought of flying in a plane (CS) will cause not fear necessarily, but definitely anxiety (CR). What if the mugging occurred at night? Module 4: Respondent Conditioning by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Our discussion so far has included examples in which the NS is associated with the presentation of the US, called excitatory conditioning. The Nuts and Bolts of Respondent Conditioning, 4.2. By giving dogs food seconds after turning on a light, Pavlov found that the dogs could develop a conditioned response (salivation) to a previously neutral stimulus (the light). The term conditioned emotional response (CER) can refer to a specific learned behavior or a procedure commonly used in classical or Pavlovian conditioning research. This is the basis of trace conditioning and the trace is a memory that we have to access. The research of Albert Bandura is most closely associated with. Recognize other terms used for respondent conditioning. Learn Test Match Created by aprilngo Terms in this set (26) Stimulus Something that produces a reaction Classical conditioning A simple form of learning in which one stimulus elicits the response usually elicited by another stimulus Unconditioned stimulus A stimulus that causes a response that is automatic, not learned Unconditioned response Describe spontaneous recovery in relation to extinction. You are reading a really boring assignment for another class. In order for respondent conditioning to be most effective, the neutral stimulus should occur ____________ the unconditioned stimulus occurs. We know that is not always the case though. This does not need to be trained and is the relationship of an unconditioned stimulus (US) yielding an unconditioned response (UR). See Figure 4.1 for an overview of Pavlovs classic experiment. neutral stimulus; US, unconditioned stimulus. The term conditioning means learning. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. What is the famous line spoken by Hamlet? Outline the three phases of respondent conditioning. It is a response that is obtained through a stimulus other than the one that originated it. The CS precedes the US and the presentation of the US does not overlap with the presentation of the CS. This experiment is critical in experimental psychology for it demonstrated that the interaction of classical and operant conditioning contingency could be powerful in altering behavior.