Alcohol Drink Size Calculator - Rethinking Drinking | NIAAA Its taste is commonly related to bubblegum, caramel and alcohol. Lets suppose the ABV of a beer is 5%. The number of millilitres of pure ethanol is the mass of the ethanol divided by its density at 20C (68F), which is 0.78945g/ml (0.82353oz/USfloz; 0.79122oz/impfloz; 0.45633oz/cuin). That country is, after all, home . In the United States and the United Kingdom, beer typically contains 46% ABV, but many higher ABV options exist. Coming to a Cleveland Clinic location?Hillcrest Cancer Center check-in changesCole Eye entrance closingVisitation and COVID-19 information. Alcohol content: Beer and more - Medical News Today Generally, light beers have between 4 and 5% ABV, while regular beers have between 5 and 6% ABV. Utahs legal limit is lower, at 0.05% BAC. In Asian countries, beer tends to be much lighter. It may be lighter in some African countries, with traditional beers as low as 1% ABV. Bier - Kalorien, Nhrwerte, Zucker & Energie - BMI Rechner Evil Twin Brewing Molotov Cocktail Heavy: 17.2% ABV 3. Regular beer usually has a 5% alcohol content in them. What stands out to us is the fact that the alcohol content of Bud Light is actually higher than the alcohol content of Busch Light, coming in at 4.2% for Bud Light and 4.1% for Busch Light. The average ABV of standard beers is about 5.0%. The percentage of alcohol in the beer that must be listed on the label can be found here. Stronger styles, such as double IPAs and imperial stouts, can reach ABVs as high as 15% or more. What does it mean to get drunk? Beers with an alcohol content of 45% are commonly found in the United States. The ingredients include two types of yeast, beer and champagne yeast and smoked malt. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism considers a standard drink to contain approximately "14 grams of pure alcohol". In Europe, many countries have laws that stipulate the minimum and maximum amount of alcohol allowed in beer, with some countries favoring much stronger types. It is interesting to see that ABV caps seem to have less of an effect on the average ABV consumed in a state than laws aimed at distribution. Many beer and malt liquor labels do not list this information, however. The oldest reference to zwert beer comes from 1285. The alcohol content of beer can vary for different reasons. If the average beer is roughly 5% ABV, then a standard drink of beer would be approximately 12 ounces. By that count, the average wine is 2.4 times stronger than the average beer. It evolves to the bitter feelings of coffee and dark chocolate, and ends with a strong alcohol and bitter and dry aftertaste. Moderate malts, a hint of chocolate again, also a hint of prunes and liquorice, very mild spices. It also has a full-bodied texture and soft carbonation. Click on the beverages below to see the results for some popular recipes from bartenders guides. Some of the more experienced homebrewers amongst you may already know that most yeast strains simply wont tolerate an environment above certain alcohol concentrations. It is produced and marketed in Scotland by the same brewing company as the BrewDog Tactical Nuclear Penguin, the BrewDog Company. look: 3.75 | smell: 3.75 | taste: 4 | feel: 3.75 | overall: 4, look: 4 | smell: 3.25 | taste: 4.25 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 4, look: 4 | smell: 3.75 | taste: 4 | feel: 4.25 | overall: 4, look: 3.25 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 3.75 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 3.75, look: 4.25 | smell: 4.5 | taste: 4.5 | feel: 4.5 | overall: 4.5, look: 4.75 | smell: 4.75 | taste: 4.25 | feel: 4 | overall: 4.25, look: 3.75 | smell: 4 | taste: 4 | feel: 4.25 | overall: 4, look: 4 | smell: 3.75 | taste: 4 | feel: 4 | overall: 4, look: 4 | smell: 3.75 | taste: 3.75 | feel: 4 | overall: 3.75, look: 3 | smell: 3 | taste: 3.25 | feel: 3.25 | overall: 3.25, look: 3 | smell: 3.75 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 4 | overall: 3.5, look: 4.75 | smell: 4 | taste: 4.75 | feel: 3.75 | overall: 4.5, look: 4.75 | smell: 4.25 | taste: 4.5 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 4.25. Very dark ruby to mahogany colour, nearly black. Ales, such as pale ales, bitters, and stouts, are popular choices in the United Kingdom. Very few bottles hit the market each year some of these bottles have aged for as many as 24 years. Similarly, Old Speckled Hen's ABV fell from 5% to 4.8% . 8% alcohol in a distilled spirit would certainly not be considered a lot. Yes. Beer Alcohol Percentage. Asheville, North Carolina 28806. Although some of these have a unique and outstanding taste, it is recommended to drink these in small amounts, just because of its impressive high amount of alcohol in each presentation. They are usually, Drinking alcohol can affect your skin and make skin conditions worse. Some of the most popular are lagers, ales, stouts, and India pale ales (IPAs). Whats abv in beer? This beer originated in the late 1980s, and is a strong ale with a portion of wheat. For drinks not included above, try the "Check your drink" option. In moderation, alcohol can be OK for people old enough to legally drink. What Is A Standard Drink? | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and 355 ml bottle, from Vinmonopolet, Nettbutikken. It has a bitterness sensation that should balance with the honey. Some alcoholic drinks may be considered legally as non-alcoholic in spite of having relatively high alcohol levels such as in Finland where products under 3 degrees can be sold legally as alcohol-free. During fermentation, the yeasts consume the sugars and produce alcohol. The amount of liquid in your glass, can, or bottle does not necessarily match up to how much alcohol is actually in your drink. You're also bound to find the word "light" in its name, as evidenced by Amstel Light and Heineken Light. Cleveland Clinics Robert J. Tomsich Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute touches virtually every patient at Cleveland Clinic and thousands of patients across the world. [21] However, because of the miscibility of alcohol and water, the conversion factor is not constant but rather depends upon the concentration of alcohol. Its aroma exhibits resinous and citric notes. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_by_volume&oldid=1161479321, Articles needing additional references from June 2021, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, 0.051.2% (usually not considered as alcohol legally), 15% (or 1820% if not diluted prior to bottling), 2745% (usually 35% except Ruou tam 4045%), 3595% (usually 40%, minimum of 37.5% in the, min 40% bottled, 43%, 50%, max 62.5% bottled, max 80% distilled, This page was last edited on 23 June 2023, at 00:21. Although these are the standard alcohol rates, some may be weaker or even stronger than these. Its alcohol levels are around 8 to 12%, which is considered high, and it is a typical drink during wintertime. Is 8% alcohol a lot? The ingredients used to make this drink are malt, crystal, wheat, oats and water from Scotlands springs. The style is a favorite among drinkers. In the United States, one "standard" drink (or one alcoholic drink equivalent) contains roughly 14 grams of pure alcohol, which is found in: 12 ounces of regular beer, which is usually about 5% alcohol Manufacturers of hydrometers provide formulas and charts that make it easier for homebrewers and winemakers to convert their readings into an accurate ABV result. [6] The difference is not large, with the maximum difference being less than 2.5%, and less than 0.5% difference for concentrations under 20%. Sam Adam Utopia counts with an alcoholic level of 28%. Even though they come in different sizes, the drinks below are each examples of one standard drink: Each beverage portrayed above represents one standard drink (or one alcoholic drink equivalent), defined in the United States as any beverage containing 0.6 fl oz or 14 grams of pure alcohol. The Old Ale usually has high levels of alcohol that may range between 6 to 9% abv. Per the company, this . It's also a great range for all-day drinking, like the kind some people do on St. Patrick's Day. A List of the Best Hard Seltzers That Contain Most Alcohol - Insider A U.S. standard drink contains about 0.6 fluid ounces or 14 grams of pure alcohol (also known as an alcoholic drink-equivalent). Its taste varies from notes of wood and faint, but also unique tastes of chocolate. Measure of how much alcohol is in a beverage, "ABV" redirects here. Some breweries companies also offer tours and allow you a small amount of these beers to taste its flavor, texture and carbonation. Different types of beer, wine, or malt liquor can have very different amounts of alcohol content. 20 Low-Alcohol Beers Ranked Worst To Best - Tasting Table If youre an adult of legal drinking age, you might occasionally enjoy a glass of wine, a can of beer, or another alcoholic beverage. Also yes and no. What is ABV? Users also comment that this drink is so dense it doesnt hold bubbles the same way as other ones. Bier Kalorien und Nhrwerte: Das Lebensmittel hat pro 100 Gramm rund 47 Kalorien. Fun Fact:While the version you can purchase off the shelves will run 29% some of their batches of the Utopias brew actually achieved 33% ABV! Perhaps the highest alcoholic beer ever with an alcoholic level of 67% the beverage has no carbonation because of its high amount of alcohol. And here is an evolving beer alcohol content list of a lot of different types and styles of the beer. Afterwards, the ice is removed, leaving a highly concentrated refreshment in terms of alcohol. However, Scotland produces the worlds strongest beer: Brewmeister Snake Venom, which has 67.5% ABV. Yes and no. In the U.S., one "standard" drink, which is the same as one alcoholic drink, has about 14 grams of pure alcohol, which can be found in: Twelve ounces of regular beer have about 5% alcohol by volume. Heres how to brew russian imperial stout yourself. That way you can estimate how many standard drinks you're being served in a restaurant or bar that uses large glasses and generous serving sizes. [1][2][3] It is defined as the number of millilitres (mL) of pure ethanol present in 100mL (3.5impfloz; 3.4USfloz) of solution at 20C (68F). 10 things you didn't know about beer in Germany - DW - 06/29/2015 Its taste is extreme with notes of alcohol, liquorice, caramel and malt. Very crisp and light. The same creators of Schorschbru Schorschbock 47, created another beer with a higher alcoholic content, which is 57%. Drinkflation: Beer makers 'reduce alcohol content to pay less tax' Essentially the brewers freeze the beer to isolate the water and remove it repeating the process at varying temperatures until the desired concentration of alcohol is achieved. Even more, Bud Light Seltzer Popsicles are also 5% ABV. One finger light brown head that dissipates to a film with a constant ring through the drink. As discussed, wine is typically stronger, with an average ABV of 12% to Beer's 5%. Many U.K. brewers focus on balancing flavor with strength. They often have an ABV of 34%. Small craft breweries use these styles of beers to make unique or seasonal brews. From beer types to the mentioned brands, youll find everything below. A hydrometer is a tubelike instrument brewers can use to help calculate the alcohol by volume (ABV) percentage of their beers. A blood alcohol test is only accurate within six to 12 hours after your last alcohol-containing drink. A hydrometer is used to measure the change in specific gravity (SG) of the solution before and after fermentation. 1554 defies the style guidelines of modern beer. 28, 2023 at 3:31 AM PDT. Why do some people react differently to alcohol than others? What are symptoms of alcohol use disorder? Find out if your state allows alcohol, beer and wine to be shipped to and from with our handy guide to liquor shipping laws. Nowadays, this style may display notes of honey and qualities such as malt, hop and yeast. This bottle is packaged inside a dead rodent, which makes it a unique product. Measuring the Specific Gravity. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). 22. And, let us not forget that St. Patrick's Day is only a few short weeks away. Created by a brewery called Birra Baladin located in Italy, the color of this drink is a light and bright straw yellow. Lock If you want to estimate the "strength" or overall alcohol content of the drink, be sure to enter the nonalcohol ingredients, including water or melted ice consumed with the drink. Rather, it is a rebirth of a lost beer style called zwert (Flemish for black), which uses gruit for bittering. You will love the malt and caramel aroma. 5 ounces of wine at 12% ABV. It is a smooth and slimy beverage with a burning sensation after it is swallowed. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) calculator, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Harmful Interactions: Mixing Alcohol with Medicines. [citation needed]. In the United States and India, a few[which?] Drinking high ABV beers can be harmful if a person is not paying attention to their consumption. Also take note of Bourbons as some are considered cask strength (higher than 40%). The 11 Best German Beers to Drink in 2023 - Liquor.com This beverage counts with an impressive alcohol level of 55%, released and advertised as the most influential and most expensive beer in the industry. Micro-brews, macro-brews, and of course, homebrews! It's possible to create beers that have even higher alcohol percentage with the use of special techniques like re-pitching with champagne yeast or using a method called freeze-distilling. Even though of its high alcohol rate. For example, Stroh rum that is 80% ABV is advertised and labeled as Stroh 80 when sold in Europe, but is named Stroh 160 when sold in the United States. Well, a regular Budweiser alcohol content is 5% with 145 calories, and zero fat, which is quite similar to Kingfisher Strong Beer (5-8% ABV). Yes and no. To calculate the ABV, brewers need to measure the sugar concentration of the wort before it ferments, and afterward once fermentation stops. Berry:[17], For higher ABV above 6% many brewers use this formula:[19]. ISBN 1-4398-5511-0. International Organization of Legal Metrology, tables of density of waterethanol mixtures, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rchie (Central/Southeast European drink), "English Ales Brewery Monterey British Brewing Glossary", "Density of Ethanol-Water Mixtures at the Temperature in C Indicated by Superscript", "Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill", "Alcohol Tolerance in Beer Yeast and BeerSmith 3", "The Unexpected Alcohol in Everyday Food & Drink", "Brewing (and Chewing) the Origins of Sake", "Wine: From the Lightest to the Strongest". Packaged beer is required to have its ABV printed on its label. For comparison, regular beer is 5% alcohol by volume (alc/vol), table wine is about 12% alc/vol, and straight 80-proof distilled spirits is 40% alc/vol. Dylan Mulvaney says Bud Light abandoned her after backlash - The Telegraph Tsingtao. So, to get an accurate ABV, numerous factors must be taken into account to make a good calculation. 8% alcohol in wine is not considered a lot. Open the plastic lid on the refractometer and apply 2-3 drops across the glass. It ranges from as little as 0% to over 60% alcohol by volume (ABV). 500 Linden Street This amber or dark brown beverage is a Belgian-style ale; they are flavorful and complex. If youre making your alcoholic beverage in your basement or vineyard, youll probably use one of two inexpensive methods for measuring the alcohol content in your final product. Note to all of you, do not chug 9% beer. Therefore, a 12-ounces (355 ml) beer with 5% ABV is one standard drink. Bud Light sales plunged in May, toppling the beer brand from its longtime perch as the nation's best-selling brew. Just one more reason to learn how to brew beer at home I suppose. Investigating the power of music for dementia. Find the alcohol content of the beverage. [8], The process of ethanol fermentation will slow down and eventually come to a halt as the alcohol produced becomes too concentrated for the yeast to tolerated, defining an upper limit of ABV for non-distilled alcoholic drinks. Bud Ice comes with a higher ABV than Budweiser, at 5.5%, whereas Budweiser Select 55 does have the lowest ABV and calories, at only 2.5% by volume of alcohol. All content intended for ages 21+ only. With a surprisingly bright taste and dry, chocolatey finish, its not a porter, not a stoutits 1554. The strongest beer in the world isn't just a moniker given to high alcohol beer, it's an unrelenting quest from brewers across the globe to truly capture the peak of beer-gineering. The second method, gas chromatography, is considered the most accurate method for measuring alcohol content. Although many users who have tried this beer say it is malty, bittersweet or sweet at times, it is a highly alcoholic choice for sure. Es zhlt zur Kategorie Alkohol. And so, with beer in hand and eyes wide with wonder I set out in search of the worlds most alcoholic brews. The right choice will depend on a person's unique circumstances, Alcohol urine tests can involve a person providing a urine sample, after which a lab tests for the presence of alcohol in the system. For example, to make 100ml of 50% ABV ethanol solution, water would be added to 50 ml of ethanol to make up exactly 100 ml. Overall, nearly 20% of people who drink in this category have alcohol use disorder. The volume of alcohol in the solution can then be estimated. It's not often that you find yourself with a 2% ABV beer in your hand, at least not in the days of the craft beer revolution. https://www.growlermag.com/whats-the-abv-transparency-in-beer-labeling-2/, https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/what-standard-drink, Demo Tape West Coast Style DDH Double IPA, alcohol content (% abv) of popular beer brands. Find out more about short and long-term effects, prevention, treatment, and, Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. During this process, yeast converts the sugars in malted grains into alcohol and carbon dioxide as byproducts, producing more alcohol as fermentation lasts longer. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. Each has a unique flavor, aroma, and alcohol content. The aroma of this beverage is sweet with a touch of raisins and muscatel. Also enter the percent alcohol by volume (% alc/vol) for the alcohol ingredients. Simba Strong Beer Alcohol Percentage - 8% ABV. Created and produced by Samuel Adams Brewing Company, the Utopias follows a multi-step process that includes brewing, blending and most importantly, ageing. In a few years, brewerswith the use of technologywill help create another craft beer that might exceed todays highest alcoholic beer: The Future Snake Venom. The alcohol content in beer can vary widely depending on the type of beer, as well as the brewing process used. And Why Does it Matter? What is alcohol? On average, the ABV for beer is 4.5 percent; for wine, 11.6 percent ; and for liquor, 37 percent, according to William Kerr, senior scientist at the Alcohol Research Group of the Public Health . Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 04/11/2022. One method involves an instrument called a hydrometer, which typically consists of a small weighted tube with a numerical scale on it. Anything on this list that ranks above Sam Adams Utopias beer (and even a few below the 29% mark) achieved those amazing numbers by using a technique known asfractional freezing. 22.1 liters per person in France equals 22.1l / 0.12l = 184 bottles per year. Alcohol Consumption - Our World in Data In the United Kingdom, proof is 1.75 times the number (expressed as a percentage). The brewer notes on the history beyond this offering is really cool. The dry flavour is not very exciting either, but fairly refreshing. Look at all of the big name brews on here. 1. Men: More than 4 drinks on any day or more than 14 drinks per week, Women: More than 3 drinks on any day or more than 7 drinks per week. It usually offers soft warmth due to the alcohol, but it never provides a hot or rough sensation when it is drunk. Its taste is similar to the smell of the beer, including notes of chocolate and caramel. According to The Growler Magazine, "After Prohibition had been repealed, Congress passed a law in 1935 banning the practice of labeling the alcoholic content of beer. Nine percent starts the, "that's just silly" range. If passed, the bill would clear the way for counties and municipalities to decide for themselves the issue of ABC stores staying open on . This beer packs a pretty good punch I wonder what the highest ABV beer in the world is? The amount of alcohol in your blood can vary based on several factors including: Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant (it reduces stimulation in your central nervous system) and affects every organ in your body. This is a quadruple IPA which contains four times the hops, four times the bitterness, and lastly, it was frozen four times. The alcohol content of beer is highly variable depending on the type and brewing process. One Standard drink in the United States is approximatly 14 grams of pure alcohol, which is a 12 ounce, 5% beer. Germans drink around 110 liters of beer per person per year (that's roughly 300-320 beers), while the Czech Republic takes the lead with 140-150 liters per capita. [20][17] For example, 40% ABV is 80 proof in the US and 70 proof in the UK. Blood alcohol content (BAC), also known as a blood alcohol level, is the amount of alcohol in your blood. Four Loko's seltzers have the highest alcohol content at 12% with Mighty Swell next at 5%. If you're drinking an 80 proof liquor, then 1.5 ounces is considered a standard drink of liquor. This may lead to confusion over similar products bought in varying regions that have different names on country-specific labels. Small and shortlived beige head. The high concentration of alcohol offers a creamy and pleasant sensation without feeling too potent. What do you mean by heavy drinking? What is excessive alcohol use? Download or order the free 20-page booklet, Rethinking Drinking: Alcohol & Your Health, Descargue u ordene copias gratis del folleto de 20 pginas Pinselo antes de beber: el alcohol y su salud. Generally speaking, brewers yeast tends to quit at about 14-16% ABV. Levels can range from 0% (no alcohol) to over 0.4% (a potentially fatal level). We wanted to let you know that we use cookies to improve your browsing experience. Refractometers are commonly used to measure the starting sugar concentration before fermentation and less so afterward because it requires more extensive corrections compared with hydrometer measurements and is less precise at this point. They are strong and flavorful drinks that defy and rewards the palate with malt and hop flavors. For more information, visit Rethinking Drinking. Please drink responsibly. Not necessarily. By using this site, you agree to our updated Privacy Policy and our Terms of Use. The braggot may be pale or dark-coloured. . Although the standard drink amounts are helpful for following health guidelines, they may not reflect customary serving sizes. To put it into context, Coronita is the SMALLER VERSION of the Mexican lager Corona Extra. The drink shares similar characteristics with other styles such as barleywines, old ales and double IPAs. As a result, it can take anywhere from a few days for lower ABV beers to several weeks for their higher ABV counterparts. Bud Light is no longer America's best-selling beer. Here's why. There are many types of beer. 11 Of The Strongest Beers Available In India - ScoopWhoop Regular beer: 5% alcohol content Some light beers: 4.2% alcohol content That's why it's important to know how much alcohol your drink contains. The alcohol content is about 43%, and it is highly known for never falling out of date and for its high price in the market. Usually, beers fall in an alcoholic content around 3 to 13%. Afterwards, the parts that remained liquid in the factory were drained and created this new brew. This style was made by blending and mixing spices with mead and beer. "How do brewers measure the alcohol in beer? For comparison, regular beer is 5% alcohol by volume (alc/vol), table wine is about 12% alc/vol, and straight 80-proof distilled spirits is 40% alc/vol. Carbonation is disappointing but overall excellent dark brew. You know what else is silly at 5%? Alcohol by Volume Percentage of Guinness Beer: 5.6%. A stronger beer could count as several standard drinks. The style of this brew is Eisbock, which makes it a strong beer. A few most common beer ABV's are: Bud light alcohol content = 5%. It is half the "proof," such that 80-proof spirits is 40% alc/vol. Much like beer to wine, distilled spirits are significantly stronger than wine. Manufacturers typically make light beers with a combination of barley malt, corn syrup solids, or rice extracts. The very good rating fits this to a tee. The average 80 proof (40% ABV) hard liquor is 3.33 times stronger than the average wine. Samuel Adams decided to mix the batches for the sake of consistency, ultimately rounding the number down to 29%. Beer Alcohol Content Guide: ABV% of Popular & Craft Beer Brands The TTB permits rice, grains, bran, glucose, sugar, and molasses as malt substitutes. (Creating these formulas and charts requires lots of good chemistry and physics measurements too.). Refractometers measure the degree to which the light changes direction. Compared to the general types of beer listed above, beer brands have more specific ABVs. Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, potential impact of a specific beer on their body, Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), https://www.abc.ca.gov/education/licensee-education/alcohol-facts, https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/alcohol-use.htm, https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/what-standard-drink, Newly discovered marker of multiple sclerosis severity may lead to better treatments, Colorectal cancer: Earlier screening should be considered for young men at high risk, New drug mirikizumab shows promise in ulcerative colitis remission, Insulin treatment might boost cognition in people with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease, Scientists discovered a possible treatment for baldness from hairy moles and it can be injected like Botox. What Percentage Of Alcohol In Beer? - The Institute of Beer It comes in a unique and elegant bottle with a volume of 0,5 liter. It is highly alcoholic, and you can feel it when drinking. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? Once again, the BrewDog Company takes another highly alcoholic beer to the market. Yes, you can get drunk off Bud Light. How strong is your mixed drink or cocktail? Cordials and Apertifs vary greatly from Hard Alcohols such as Vodka, Gin, Tequila, and the like. This article explores how much alcohol is in beer in the United States and other countries. Last medically reviewed on April 26, 2023, Light to moderate consumption of beer may help decrease the risk of heart disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and type 2 diabetes. Since the body metabolizes alcohol at about one drink per hour, it is easy to become intoxicated quickly. As humans, we like numbers, so let's see what that measures out to be.