Systematic desensitizationbehavior treatment for phobias in which the client is trained to relax to increasingly fearful stimuli. Hippocampuspart of the limbic system of the brain that enables formation of new long-term memories for facts and personal experiences. Central tendencyaverage or most typical scores of a set of research data or distribution. A business may give aptitude tests to assess how well an applicant will fit into the culture of the business with situational judgment questions, while an achievement test will determine. Yet, few of us are aware of, or have been taught about, the full psychology of achievement. Self archetypeaccording to Jung, our sense of wholeness or unity. Neuronthe basic unit of structure and function of your nervous system. AP Psych - Testing and Individual Differences Flashcards | Quizlet According to cognitive psychologists, the unconscious is the level of consciousness that parallel processes information of which we are unaware. EEG (electroencephalogram)an amplified tracing of brain activity produced when electrodes positioned over the scalp transmit signals about the brain's electrical activity ("brain waves") to an electroencephalograph machine. Unconsciousthe level of consciousness of which we are unaware, that may include unacceptable feelings, wishes, and thoughts not directly available to conscious awareness, according to psychodynamic psychologists/psychoanalysts. Achievement. Accommodationprocess by which we modify our schemas to fit new information; process of changing the curvature of the lens to focus light rays on the retina of the eye. Patients may or may not have a medical condition but have heightened bodily sensations, are intensely anxious about the possibility of an undiagnosed illness, or devote excessive time and energy to health concerns, often obsessively researching them for at least 6 months; previously called hypochondria. Nearsightedtoo much curvature of the cornea and/or lens, focusing image in front of the retina so nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects. The aim of an achievement test is to determine students knowledge in a specific subject area. So far we talked about motivations behind simple human behaviors like eating and sex. Action vs. resting potential. test that gauges a person's mastery and knowledge of various subjects. Cognitionall the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering information. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)most widely used objective test of personality, originally designed to distinguish individuals with different psychological problems from normal individuals; today used to identify personality characteristics. Shallow processingencoding into memory superficial sensory information without making it relevant which seldom results in enduring memory. Variable ratioschedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is presented after a varying number of responses (in operant conditioning). Endocrine systemductless glands that typically secrete hormones directly into the blood which help regulate body and behavioral processes. Monismsees mind and body as different aspects of the same thing. SublimationFreudian defense mechanism, expression of sexual or aggressive impulses redirected into more socially acceptable behaviors. Scapegoat theoryattributes prejudice to frustration; when own self-worth is in doubt or jeopardy, we find others to blame. Projective personality testspresent ambiguous stimuli such as inkblots (Rorschach) or pictures (TAT) with the assumption that test takers will project their unconscious thoughts or feelings onto the stimuli (according to psychoanalytic approach). BasicThis level denotes partial mastery of prerequisite knowledge and skills that are fundamental for proficient work at each grade. psychological test used to assess talent for specific types of mental ability. Evolutionary approachpsychological perspective concerned with how natural selection favored behaviors that contributed to survival and spread of our ancestors' genes. Belief perseverancethe tendency for people to cling to a particular belief even after information that led to the formation of that belief has been discredited. Concrete operational stagePiaget's third stage of cognitive development (712 years) during which the child develops simple logic and masters conservation concepts. Type A personalitieshard-driving, competitive, impatient, and ambitious individuals. Intelligence quotient (IQ)mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100. Approach-approach conflicta conflict in which the individual must choose between two positive stimuli or circumstances. Evoked potentialsEEGs resulting from a response to a specific stimulus presented to the subject. Daydreamingstate of consciousness characterized by focus on inner, private realities which can generate creative ideas or relieve boredom. Industrial/organizational psychologistspsychologists who aim to improve productivity and the quality of work life by applying psychological principles and methods to the workplace. AP Psychology Glossary_CrackAP.com Diagnostic assessments are pretests given prior to a learning segment to determine what students already know. Social skills trainingcognitive behavioral therapy where the therapist can model the behavior for the client and then place the client in a simulated situation for practice. Repressionmost frequently used Freudian defense mechanism, characterized by unconscious forgetting; pushing threatening thoughts, feelings, and memories into the unconscious mind. Nature-nurture controversydeals with the extent to which heredity and the environment each influences behavior. The definition of achievement and the constructon of tests for its Triadic reciprocality model of personalityBandura's scheme that our personal traits, the environment, and our behavior all interact to account for our behavior. Incongruencein Rogerian therapy, discrepancy between a client's real and ideal selves. Schemaframework of basic ideas and preconceptions about people, objects, and events based on past experience in long-term memory; concepts or frameworks that organize and interpret information. Reticular formation (a.k.a. a norm-referenced and standardized test - the main goal of this examination is to calculate a persons existing skill level or competency in a specific topic. Identical twinsalso called monozygotic twins; two individuals who share all of the same genes/heredity because they develop from the same zygote. Insomniathe inability to fall asleep and/or stay asleep. Pituitary gland (sometimes called master gland)endocrine gland in brain that produces stimulating hormones which promote secretion by other glands, including TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone); ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), which stimulates the adrenal cortex; FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), which stimulates egg or sperm production; ADH (antidiuretic hormone), to help retain water in your body; and HGH (human growth hormone). Retinalight-sensitive surface in the back of the eye containing rods and cones that transduce light energy. ?also used? Modelingprocess of watching and imitating a specific behavior; important in observational learning. Latent learninglearning when no apparent rewards are present; it becomes apparent only when there is an incentive to demonstrate it. Personaaccording to Jung, this is the outward part of the personality or the mask we wear when dealing with society and opposite of the unconscious shadow. Stimulantspsychoactive drugs that activate motivational centers and reduce activity in inhibitory centers of the central nervous system by increasing activity of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine neurotransmitter systems; include caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine. Sensory adaptationa temporary decrease in sensitivity to a stimulus that occurs when stimulation is unchanging. https://psychologydictionary.org/achievement-test/, Thinking Errors or Cognitive Distortions: Definition & Causes, 7 Major Perspectives In Psychology (Uses & Examples), Analytical Thinking versus Critical Thinking, The Difference Between Clinical and Counseling Psychology. Lesionsinterruptions in tissue that result from destruction of tissue by injury, tumors, scarring; enables more systematic study of the loss of function when tissue loss results from surgical cutting or removal (also called ablation), or destruction by chemical applications. Sulcifolding-in portions of convolutions of the cerebral cortex. Water-Related Trauma: Psychological Recovery after a Drowning Incident, 6 Ways Technology Is Transforming Senior Living, 5 Ways Nurses Can Relax After a Stressful Shift, Advantages of Pursuing a career in Cyberpsychology. Achievement Testing - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics All material within this site is the property of AlleyDog.com. Inductive reasoningreasoning from the specific to the general, forming concepts about all members of a category based on some members. Reaction formationFreudian defense mechanism involving acting in a manner exactly opposite to our true feelings. Tolerancecondition in which diminished effectiveness of drug necessitates larger dosages to produce desired effect. In such settings as guidance offices, mental-health clinics, and psychiatric hospitals, tests of ability and personality may be helpful in the diagnosis and detection of troublesome behaviour. Corpus callosumbroad band of nervous tissue that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres transmitting information from one side of the brain to the other. Blockingthe inability to condition a second stimulus because of prior conditioning to another stimulus that is also present during training. A desire for achievement is normal is normal for humans, but for some people the desire for achievement becomes a "need," not just a desire that can cause a person to continue to push themselves further and further. How much is a psychologist session in NYC? Psychosisreality distortion evidenced by highly disordered thought processes. Convolutionsfolding in and out of the cerebral cortex that increases surface area of the brain. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)manual used by mental health professionals for classifying psychological disorders; published by the American Psychiatric Association. practices. A standardized scale used to measure intellectual abilities. The most common type of achievement test is a standardized test developed to measure skills and knowledge learned in a given grade level, usually through planned instruction, such as training or classroom instruction. Aptitude testtest that measures what our potential is and whether or not we will benefit from some training; predicts our future capacity to learn and develop. Predictive validitythe extent to which a test accurately forecasts a specific future result. Achievement test may be of different types on the basis of the purpose for which it is administered. Defense mechanismsunconscious, deceptive reactions that protect the ego from unpleasant emotions that are threatening, according to Freudian theory. Nonconsciouslevel of consciousness devoted to processes completely inaccessible to conscious awareness such as blood flow, filtering of blood by kidneys, secretion of hormones, and lower-level processing of sensory information such as detecting edges, estimating size and distance of objects, recognizing patterns, etc. Myelin sheatha fatty covering of the axon made by glial cells which speeds up conduction of the action potential. Prejudiceunjustified attitudes we hold about others; generally negative evaluation based on ethnicity, race, sex, or some other criterion. Normative social influencegoing along with the group, even if you do not agree with its decisions, because you desire to gain its social approval. Dendritesbranching tubular processes of a neuron that have receptor sites for receiving information. Long-term potentiation (LTP)an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation and possibly the neural basis for learning and memory. Escape behaviorbehavior that terminates an ongoing event; negative reinforcement. Stranger anxietythe fear of strangers that infants develop at around 8 months of age. This theory is based on the definition of intelligence as the ability to achieve success based on your personal standards and your sociocultural context. In the context of AP Psychology, an aptitude test is a standardized exam used to determine a student's potential to succeed in college-level coursework. Primacy effect (Law of Primacy)the tendency to remember initial information; in the memorization of a list of words, the primacy effect is evidenced by better recall of the words early in the list. Obsessive-compulsive disorderrecurrent, unwanted thoughts or ideas and compelling urges to engage in repetitive ritual-like behavior. Authoritative parenting styleflexible rules for which reasons are generally given. Mental retardationintellectual deficiency characterized by intelligence quotient at least two standard deviations below the mean and difficulty in adapting to and coping with environmental demands of independent living. Latent contentaccording to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream. Phonemessmallest possible sound units of spoken language. Law of EffectThorndike's observation that behaviors followed by rewards are strengthened and behaviors followed by punishment are weakened. AP Exams are not norm-referenced or graded on a curve. ContiguityPavlovian theory that classical conditioning is based on the association in time of the CS prior to UCS. Tests with questions of increasing difficulty, used to assess the highest-difficulty problem a person can solve. Structuralismearly psychological perspective that emphasized units of consciousness and identification of elements of thought using introspection. Experimenter biasa phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained. Depressantspsychoactive drugs that reduce the activity of the central nervous system and induce relaxation; include sedatives such as barbiturates, tranquilizers, and alcohol. Pubertythe early adolescent period marked by accelerated growth and onset of the ability to reproduce. What are the factors that influence or even determine achievement? Learn more. Crystallized intelligencelearned knowledge and skills such as vocabulary which tend to increase with age. An achievement test is a standardized test that is designed to measure an individual's level of knowledge in a particular area. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)subdivision of PNS that includes motor nerves that stimulate smooth (involuntary) or heart muscle. Fight-or-flight responsephysiological reaction that help ready us to fight or to flee from a dangerous situation; activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Norms(in social psychology), rules either implicit or explicit that govern the behavior of group members; (in testing), scores established from the test results of the representative sample, which are then used as a standard for assessing the performances of subsequent test takers. Prosocial behaviorpositive, helpful, and constructive behavior. Equipotentialitydiscredited theory that any behavior can be taught to any organism. Reciprocal determinismthe characteristics of the person, the person's behavior, and the environment all affect one another in two-way causal relationships (according to Bandura). ?exams ?are? Perceptionthe process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensations, enabling you to recognize meaningful objects and events. Maturationthe biological growth processes that bring about orderly changes in behavior, thought, or physical growth; relatively unaffected by experience (nature argument). Primary reinforcersimportant automatic and unlearned (inborn) rewards like food and drink. Parathyroidsendocrine glands in neck that produce parathyroid hormone which helps maintain calcium ion level in blood necessary for normal functioning of neurons. Linguistic relativity hypothesisWhorf's belief that the language you speak guides and determines your thinking; largely discredited. Patients need to have complained about, taken medicine for, changed lifestyle because of, or seen a physician about the symptoms and experienced anxiety that has interfered with carrying on normal activities for 6 months. Together, they convey the very different purposes of psychological tests. Conduct item/task review (editorial, appropriateness, alignment, sensitivity). Method of locia mnemonic device which uses visualization of familiar objects on a familiar path to recall information in a list. Metacognitionthinking about how we think. Transferencein psychoanalysis, the venting of emotions both positive and negative by patients; treating their analyst as the symbolic representative of someone important in their past. Forensic psychologistspsychologists who apply psychological principles to legal issues. The first commonly used intelligence test specifically designed for adults, which measures intelligence using both verbal and non-verbal tasks. Avoidant attachmentinfant neither seeks support or comfort from nor shows distress toward caregivers in the strange situation. In-groupa group of which one is a member and one tends to favor. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and an elevated level of activity compared to most other children. Aptitude: predicts future performance or ability; decisions about future; designed for high school+; group or individually administered. Uninvolved parenting stylecharacterized by few demands, low responsiveness, little communication, and general detachment from a child's life. Hallucinogensalso called psychedelics, a diverse group of psychoactive drugs that alter moods, distort perceptions, and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input; include LSD, PCP, marijuana (THC), psilocybin from mushrooms, and mescaline (Peyote). Continuous reinforcementthe schedule of reinforcement where each desired behavior emitted by the organism is rewarded. http://wpapp.kaptest.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kaplan_logo_purple_726-4.png, AP Psychology: Testing and Individual Differences Notes. Mental agea measure of your intellectual development; the level of mental development relative to others. Aptitude testing Traditionally, the application of aptitude testing has depended to some extent on whether an aptitude has been judged to be something that is stable over time or whether it is modifiable ( Stemler & Sternberg, 2013 ). More recent theories have suggested there are multiple kinds of intelligence. Feature extraction (pattern recognition)when new information comes into sensory storage, we actively search through long-term memory in an effort to find a match for these new raw data. Placebo effecta response to the belief that the independent variable will have an effect, rather than to the actual effect of the independent variable; can be a confounding variable. Contact comfortHarlow study with monkeys and surrogate momsneed for close contact with caregiver independent of feeding; questions Hull's drive-reduction theory. Terminal buttons (also called axon terminals, end bulbs, or synaptic knobs)tips at the end of axons which secrete neurotransmitters when stimulated by the action potential. Instinctinherited, complex automatic species-specific behavior. Brainportion of the central nervous system above the spinal cord. Broca's arearegion in left frontal lobe that controls production of speech. -Help teachers determine whether a student has met the necessary criteria for mastery in a particular area or achieved competency on a specific reading subskill. Chunkinggrouping information into meaningful units; expands the capacity of short-term memory beyond seven unrelated bits of information. Pleasure principleFreud's claim that the id part of the personality seeks immediate gratification of its wants and needs. Consciousnessawareness of the outside world and ourselves, including our own mental processes, thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. Endorphinsneurotransmitters similar to the opiate morphine that relieves pain, and may induce feelings of pleasure. Dual processingprocessing information on conscious and unconscious levels at the same time. Variable intervalschedule of reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after varying lengths of time (in operant conditioning). Age of viabilitythe end of the second trimester in pregnancy; the point at which there is a reasonable chance the fetus will survive if born prematurely. Self-conceptour overall view of our abilities, behavior, and personality or what we know about ourselves. Primingactivating specific associations in memory either consciously or unconsciously. MandalaAccording to Jung, a type of magical circle symbolizing the self archetype in the collective unconscious. Memoryhuman capacity to register, retain, and retrieve information over time; the persistence of learning. Some people have high achievement motivations in school, while others in bowling, while others in nothing at all. Stage 4 sleepdeepest sleep stage whose EEGs show mostly very high amplitude and very low frequency delta waves. AP Psychology: Testing and Individual Differences Notes Declarative memory (explicit)memory of facts and experiences that you are consciously aware of and can declare. Stability versus changedeals with the issue of whether or not personality traits present during infancy persist throughout the lifespan. Conflict situationsproblems in choosing between alternatives. Idiographic methodspersonality techniques that look at the individual such as case studies, interviews, and naturalistic observations. Extrinsic motivationthe desire to perform a behavior for a reward or avoid punishment. Drive reduction theorytheory of motivation that focuses on internal states of tension such as hunger that motivate us to pursue actions that reduce the tension and bring us back to homeostasis or internal balance. Emotionsfeelings, highly subjective personal tendencies to respond to internal and external variables; includes physical arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience. Organismic selfaccording to Rogers, the original (real) self that strives toward positive goals until it is influenced by society. Cognitive illusionsystematic way of thinking that is responsible for an error in judgment. AP Psychology: Testing Flashcards | Quizlet What motivates us to work hard in school, video games, sports and all those day to day things that take up our day. Adrenal medulla, the core, secretes adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), which prepare the body for "fight or flight" like the sympathetic nervous system does. Gender schema theorymental set of what society considers appropriate behavior for each of the sexes; assumes that gender becomes a cognitive "lens" through which children experience and acquire their gender identity. Set a deadline. Resistant attachmentmixed reactions of infants to their mothers in the Strange Situation. Daily hassleseveryday annoyances such as having to wait on lines, arguing with a friend, etc. Delayed conditioningideal training in classical conditioning training where the CS precedes UCS and briefly overlaps. ?assessments? Thyroid glandendocrine gland in neck that produces thyroxin, which stimulates and maintains metabolic activities. Hypochondriasisa somatoform disorder involving persistent and excessive worry about developing a serious illness. Long-term memory (LTM)the relatively permanent and unlimited capacity memory system into which information from short-term memory may pass. Occipital lobesregion in the back of the cerebral cortex that is the primary area for processing visual information. Intrinsic motivators are rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction.
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