The conference selected a new national anthem ('The March of the Volunteers') and national flag, with one large and four small yellow stars on a red ground. [87], When party leader Sun Yat-sen died in May 1925, he was succeeded by Chiang Kai-shek, who moved to marginalise the left-KMT and the Communists. This accompanied a decline in state recognition of Mao in later years in contrast to previous years when the state organised numerous events and seminars commemorating Mao's 100th birthday. Mao Zedong declares the founding of the modern People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949. [6] France - President Valry Giscard d'Estaing said, "He (Mao) has freed China from the humiliation of the past and restored China's central position given to her by history. [229]:100, The secretive Third Front construction involved massive projects including extensive railroad infrastructure like the ChengduKunming line,[228]:153164 aerospace industry including satellite launch facilities,[228]:218-219 and steel production industry including Panzhihua Iron and Steel. [85][86] The Peasant Movement Training Institute under Mao trained cadre and prepared them for militant activity, taking them through military training exercises and getting them to study basic left-wing texts. [154][155] In August 1938, the Red Army formed the New Fourth Army and the Eighth Route Army, which were nominally under the command of Chiang's National Revolutionary Army. Let them go to your place. On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was formally announced, with Mao Zedong as its leader. [156] In August 1940, the Red Army initiated the Hundred Regiments Offensive, in which 400,000 troops attacked the Japanese simultaneously in five provinces. The Messed Up Truth Of Mao Zedong - Grunge In order to make the escape, many of the wounded and the ill, as well as women and children, were left behind, defended by a group of guerrilla fighters whom the KMT massacred. With Sun Yat-sen's widow and his chief lieutenants smiling approvingly behind him, he pressed a button to raise the new flag on its pole and said, 'It looks great!' Using vernacular language that would be understandable to the majority of China's populace, he advocated the need for a "Great Union of the Popular Masses", strengthened trade unions able to wage non-violent revolution. When the enemy advances, we retreat. However, Mao's government was responsible for vast numbers of deaths, with estimates ranging from 40 to 80 million victims due to starvation, persecution, prison labour, and mass executions, which drew criticism for being considered totalitarian rule. "[162] On 21 January 1949, Kuomintang forces suffered great losses in decisive battles against Mao's forces. Some of his best known poems are "Changsha" (1925), "The Double Ninth" (October 1929), "Loushan Pass" (1935), "The Long March" (1935), "Snow" (February 1936), "The PLA Captures Nanjing" (1949), "Reply to Li Shuyi" (11 May 1957), and "Ode to the Plum Blossom" (December 1961). [43] Increasingly interested in the techniques of war, he took a keen interest in World War I, and also began to develop a sense of solidarity with workers. Title is: Mao's consolidation of Power 1946 - 56. Hiroshima took nine seconds; Changchun took five months. "The smell there hurts your brain.". "[250], During his leadership, Mao traveled outside China on only two occasions, both of which were state visits to the Soviet Union. [171][172] The Campaign to Suppress Counter-revolutionaries[173] targeted bureaucratic bourgeoisie, such as compradors, merchants and Kuomintang officials who were seen by the party as economic parasites or political enemies. It is the blots on the Maoist record, especially the Great Leap and the Cultural Revolution, that are now most deeply imprinted on our political and historical consciousness. Outnumbered, Mao responded with guerrilla tactics influenced by the works of ancient military strategists like Sun Tzu, but Zhou and the new leadership followed a policy of open confrontation and conventional warfare. [320], In 1962, Mao proposed the Socialist Education Movement (SEM) in an attempt to educate the peasants to resist the "temptations" of feudalism and the sprouts of capitalism that he saw re-emerging in the countryside from Liu's economic reforms. It also reunified China and made the country a force to be reckoned with in the world. They attempted to marginalise Mao by taking control of economic policy and asserting themselves politically as well. The revolution over, Mao resigned from the army in 1912, after six months as a soldier. [122] The CCP Central Committee moved to Jiangxi which it saw as a secure area. Ultimately, his suggestions were only partially implemented. [168] Conversely, Mao also believed that mass movements and mass criticism were necessary in order to check the bureaucracy. [268][269] He is also known as a political intellect, theorist, military strategist, poet, and visionary. [97], The CCP continued supporting the Wuhan KMT government, a position Mao initially supported,[97] but by the time of the CCP's Fifth Congress he had changed his mind, deciding to stake all hope on the peasant militia. Chinese troops in Korea were under the overall command of then newly installed Premier Zhou Enlai, with General Peng Dehuai as field commander and political commissar. Chairman of the People's Republic of China, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, Chairman of the Central People's Government, Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, first session of the National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, establishment of the People's Republic of China, Campaign to Suppress Counter-revolutionaries, International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties, Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic, Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun, Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan, Talks at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art, "An exploration of China's mortality decline under Mao: A provincial analysis, 195080", "Who Killed More: Hitler, Stalin, or Mao? The split helped to determine the framework of the Second Cold War in general, and influenced the course of the Second Vietnam War in particular. [88] Mao nevertheless supported Chiang's National Revolutionary Army, who embarked on the Northern Expedition attack in 1926 on warlords. [225] Struggle against Soviet revisionism and U.S. imperialism was an important aspect of Mao's attempt to direct the revolution in the right direction. [67][68], The Chinese Communist Party was founded by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao in the Shanghai French Concession in 1921 as a study society and informal network. Human Rights in China (HRIC). [203], Censuses were carried out in China in 1953, 1964 and 1982. Biography of Mao Zedong, Father of Modern China - ThoughtCo A fifth volume, which brought the timeline up to 1957, was briefly issued during the leadership of Hua Guofeng, but subsequently withdrawn from circulation for its perceived ideological errors. world history final exam review ch 22-25 Flashcards | Quizlet [54] Mao's time in Beijing ended in the spring of 1919, when he travelled to Shanghai with friends who were preparing to leave for France. A portrait of Mao Zedong, China's paramount leader and chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from 1935 until his death in 1976, is seen on Tiananmen Gate in Beijing on May 14. . The most direct of these was Minister of Defence and Korean War veteran General Peng Dehuai. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution lasting until 1976: "Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China," (Adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on 27 June 1981), Daniel Leese, "Mao the Man and Mao the Icon" in. [106][109] The Central Committee again ordered Mao to march to south Hunan, but he refused, and remained at his base. [13] At age 8, Mao was sent to Shaoshan Primary School. (ii) what questions have you got? [189][273] Mao rarely gave direct instruction for peoples' physical elimination. Trapped inside, morale among the Red Army dropped as food and medicine became scarce. He ensured that no massacres took place in the region, and pursued a more lenient approach than that advocated by the Central Committee. [228]:7 Following the Gulf of Tonkin incident, Mao's own concerns of invasion by the United States increased. Li Rui, Mao's personal secretary and Communist Party comrade[299], Mao's English interpreter Sidney Rittenberg wrote in his memoir The Man Who Stayed Behind that whilst Mao "was a great leader in history", he was also "a great criminal because, not that he wanted to, not that he intended to, but in fact, his wild fantasies led to the deaths of tens of millions of people. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference was summoned to Beijing, where Mao opened the proceedings on September 21st. [27] As a symbol of rebellion against the Manchu monarch, Mao and a friend cut off their queue pigtails, a sign of subservience to the emperor. [29] Supporting the revolution, Mao joined the rebel army as a private soldier, but was not involved in fighting or combat. [163] In the early morning of 10 December 1949, PLA troops laid siege to Chongqing and Chengdu on mainland China, and Chiang Kai-shek fled from the mainland to Taiwan. [38] The United States placed a trade embargo on the People's Republic as a result of its involvement in the Korean War, lasting until Richard Nixon's improvements of relations. [138], Mao's troops arrived at the Yan'an Soviet during October 1935 and settled in Pao An, until spring 1936. The movement led to the persecution of at least 550,000 people, mostly intellectuals and dissidents. We're talking, of course, about the Great Leap Forward, which ThoughtCo tells us was Mao's attempt to modernize China's farming society into an industrial one. Mao Zedong - Wikipedia [311] Mao's major contribution to the military science is his theory of People's War, with not only guerrilla warfare but more importantly, Mobile Warfare methodologies. It reveals a certain temporal development from a down-to-earth leader, who was amicable when uncontested and occasionally reflected on the limits of his power, to an increasingly ruthless and self-indulgent dictator. Mao has been portrayed in film and television numerous times. Fifty years of Chinese Propaganda Posters", Chapter 5: "Mao Badges Visual Imagery and Inscriptions", "Shoshn shng q yngyun b lu de hng tiyng", "Poll: Millennials desperately need to bone up on the history of communism", "Poll Finds Young Americans More Open to Socialist Ideas", "Opinion: Why Millennials are embracing socialism", "Kong Dongmei, Granddaughter Of Mao Zedong, Appears On China Rich List", "Mao's granddaughter accused over China rich list", "Mao's grandson, promoted to major general, faces ridicule", "Zhang Hanzhi, Mao's English Tutor, Dies at 72", "Jim mozdng wishme xu yngy:"Zh sh duzhng de xyo", "Actor famous for playing Mao Zedong dies of miocardial infarction", "Actors expect prosperity of Chinese culture", ChineseMao.com: Extensive resources about Mao Zedong, Collected Works of Mao at the Maoist Internationalist Movement, Collected Works of Mao Tse-tung (19171949), Mao Zedong Reference Archive at marxists.org, Oxford Companion to World Politics: Mao Zedong, Bio of Mao at the official Communist Party of China web site. [135] Mao's forces proceeded north, through hundreds of kilometres of Grasslands, an area of quagmire where they were attacked by Manchu tribesman and where many soldiers succumbed to famine and disease. and the amplified voice of Mao responded, 'Long Live the People's Republic of China!' [60], Zhang banned the Student Association, but Mao continued publishing after assuming editorship of the liberal magazine New Hunan (Xin Hunan) and offered articles in popular local newspaper Ta Kung Pao. I revised this question because I felt like this was a better fit for this project. Under this economic program, the relatively small agricultural collectives that had been formed to date were rapidly merged into far larger people's communes, and many of the peasants were ordered to work on massive infrastructure projects and on the production of iron and steel. [230]:180 The Third Front distributed physical and human capital around the country, ultimately decreased regional disparities and created favorable conditions for later market development. Years later the CCP would conclude that as many as six million people were wrongly punished in the campaign. [13] Mao too became a Buddhist, but abandoned this faith in his mid-teenage years. There were hundreds of dancers with silken scarves and musicians playing gongs and cymbals, and as darkness fell thousands of lanterns were paraded on bamboo poles. [286][287] In the West, Mao has a bad reputation. Keystone/Getty Images Mao Zedong was a man with big dreams, and unfortunately, he also tried to make them become real regardless of whether they were possible. In 1955, Mao launched the Sufan movement, and in 1957 he launched the Anti-Rightist Campaign, in which at least 550,000 people, mostly intellectuals and dissidents, were persecuted. I say that if the worst came to the worst and one-half dies, there will still be one-half left, but imperialism would be razed to the ground and the whole world would become socialist. [12] Mao's mother, Wen Qimei, was a devout Buddhist who tried to temper her husband's strict attitude. [175], Mao himself claimed that a total of 700,000 people were killed in attacks on "counter-revolutionaries" during the years 19501952. Mao replied that while he concurred with Li's theoretical position, he would not disband his army nor abandon his base. [310] The Nepali Maoists were highly influenced by Mao's views on protracted war, new democracy, support of masses, permanency of revolution and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. On 1 October 1949, Mao proclaimed the foundation of the PRC, a MarxistLeninist single-party state controlled by the CCP. [336], Mao's private life was kept very secret at the time of his rule. Although the CCP temporarily allied with the KMT under the Second United Front during the Second Sino-Japanese War (19371945), China's civil war resumed after Japan's surrender, and Mao's forces defeated the Nationalist government, which withdrew to Taiwan in 1949. Mao's personal physician, Li Zhisui, said that Mao may have been unaware of the extent of the famine, partly due to a reluctance of local officials to criticise his policies, and the willingness of his staff to exaggerate or outright fake reports. [228]:225229 When Reform and Opening up began after Mao's death, China began to gradually wind down Third Front projects. Mao had successfully applied Mobile Warfare in the Korean War, and was able to encircle, push back and then halt the UN forces in Korea, despite the clear superiority of UN firepower. [199], In late autumn 1958, Mao condemned the practices that were being used during Great Leap Forward such as forcing peasants to do exhausting labour without enough food or rest which resulted in epidemics and starvation. There was also an assumption that the flow of individual reports of starvation that had been reaching the West, primarily through Hong Kong and Taiwan, must have been localised or exaggerated as China was continuing to claim record harvests and was a net exporter of grain through the period. to enormous roars from the crowds. [333], Through his ten children, Mao became grandfather to twelve grandchildren, many of whom he never knew. [192], Despite being initially sympathetic towards the reformist government of Imre Nagy, Mao feared the "reactionary restoration" in Hungary as the Hungarian crisis continued and became more hardline. There exist various competitions specialising in Mao-style calligraphy. He is seen as someone who successfully liberated the country from Japanese occupation and from Western imperialist exploitation dating back to the Opium Wars. The first attempt to analyse this data to estimate the number of famine deaths was carried out by American demographer Dr. Judith Banister and published in 1984. [339] Lee Feigon said that Mao's "earthiness" meant that he remained connected to "everyday Chinese life. Deng Xiaoping, who was opposed to the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, stated that "when we write about his mistakes we should not exaggerate, for otherwise we shall be discrediting Chairman Mao Zedong and this would mean discrediting our party and state. "[294] Mao was frequently likened to the First Emperor of a unified China, Qin Shi Huang, and personally enjoyed the comparison. t. e. The Cultural Revolution, formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in the People's Republic of China (PRC) launched by Mao Zedong in 1966, and lasting until his death in 1976. [246] Despite the pro-poor rhetoric of Mao's regime, his economic policies led to substantial poverty. What is Maoism? [53] Mao raised funds for the movement, however. [198][pageneeded], Under the Great Leap Forward, Mao and other party leaders ordered the implementation of a variety of unproven and unscientific new agricultural techniques by the new communes. [259] On 17 September the body was taken in a minibus to the 305 Hospital, where his internal organs were preserved in formaldehyde. 1556332. He put no value on human life. "[215] A campaign against right-wing opportunism was launched and resulted in party members and ordinary peasants being sent to prison labour camps where many would subsequently die in the famine. The 660 delegates included representatives of labour and business, cultural interests and overseas Chinese, but the Communists dominated the conference, which swiftly proclaimed the new People's Republic of China and endorsed the 'organic law' of the Central People's Government. [217] Frank Diktter estimates that there were at least 45 million premature deaths attributable to the Great Leap Forward from 1958 to 1962. Mao had hoped his revolutionary movement would turn China into a beacon of communism. [citation needed], Mao's health declined in his last years, probably aggravated by his chain-smoking. [209], The Great Leap Forward was a tragedy for the vast majority of the Chinese. In November 1931 he announced the start of a "land verification project" which was expanded in June 1933. [133] Marching through the mountain ranges around Ma'anshan,[134] in Moukung, Western Sichuan, they encountered the 50,000-strong CCP Fourth Front Army of Zhang Guotao, and together proceeded to Maoerhkai and then Gansu. On 13 March 2006, the People's Daily reported that a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference proposed to include the portraits of Sun Yat-sen and Deng Xiaoping in the renminbi. [148] He came to believe that the Red Army alone was unable to defeat the Japanese, and that a Communist-led "government of national defence" should be formed with the KMT and other "bourgeois nationalist" elements to achieve this goal. [187], In Shanghai, suicide by jumping from tall buildings became so commonplace that residents avoided walking on the pavement near skyscrapers for fear that suicides might land on them. [94], Fresh from the success of the Northern Expedition against the warlords, Chiang turned on the Communists, who by now numbered in the tens of thousands across China. pearl harbor. Chinese citizens are aware of Mao's mistakes, but nonetheless, many see Mao as a national hero. "[309], Mao's military writings continue to have a large amount of influence both among those who seek to create an insurgency and those who seek to crush one, especially in manners of guerrilla warfare, at which Mao is popularly regarded as a genius. Along with Vladimir Lenin and. It wasn't until the spring of 1960, that Mao would again express concern about abnormal deaths and other abuses, but he did not move to stop them. [231] State Chairman Liu Shaoqi and General Secretary Deng Xiaoping favoured the idea that Mao be removed from actual power as China's head of state and government but maintain his ceremonial and symbolic role as Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, with the party upholding all of his positive contributions to the revolution. [129] The 100,000 who escaped headed to southern Hunan, first crossing the Xiang River after heavy fighting,[130] and then the Wu River, in Guizhou where they took Zunyi in January 1935. [18]:34 Interested in history, Mao was inspired by the military prowess and nationalistic fervour of George Washington and Napoleon Bonaparte.
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