This page was last edited on 1 July 2023, at 07:06. [22] While Khrushchev's responsibility lay in political affairs, he involved himself in the practicalities of resuming full production at the mine after the chaos of the war years. [124] Beginning in October 1955, Khrushchev fought to tell the delegates to the upcoming 20th Party Congress about Stalin's crimes. [140], In 1962, Khrushchev, impressed by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, persuaded the Presidium to allow publication. [75] As Ukraine was recovered militarily, conscription was imposed, and 750,000men aged between nineteen and fifty were given minimal military training and sent to join the Red Army. Encyclopedia of Russian History. Let them cope by themselves. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. [169][170], While visiting the United States in 1959, Khrushchev was greatly impressed by the agricultural education program at Iowa State University, and sought to imitate it in the Soviet Union. [43] Of the 146Party secretaries of cities and districts outside Moscow city in the province, only 10 survived the purges. [276], Beginning in 1966, Khrushchev began his memoirs. He was employed by a workshop that serviced ten mines, and he was involved in several strikes that demanded higher pay, better working conditions, and an end to the war. [74], Khrushchev sought to reconstruct Ukraine but also desired to complete the interrupted work of imposing the Soviet system on it, though he hoped that the purges of the 1930s would not recur. Pop Quiz: 17 Things to Know About World War II. in, Thatcher, Ian D. "Gulag Studies: From Stalin to Khrushchev. secretary beery, bleary, cheery, dearie, dreary, Dun Laoghaire, eerie, eyrie (US aerie), Kashmiri, leery, peri, praemunire, query, smeary, teary, th, KOZLOV, FROL ROMANOVICH [144] That renewed thaw ended on 1 December 1962, when Khrushchev was taken to the Manezh Gallery to view an exhibit which included a number of avant-garde works. Brezhnev was elected First Secretary (later General Secretary), while Alexei Kosygin succeeded Khrushchev as premier. He died from complications from emphysema just over a year after taking control of the party. [188], Khrushchev sought to find a lasting solution to the problem of a divided Germany and of the enclave of West Berlin deep within East German territory. It was a historical verdict which many, as unfamiliar with Stalin as they were with Cromwell and Napoleon, accepted. While they were not admitted, there were soon enough Central Committee members in Moscow to call an emergency Party Congress, which effectively forced the leadership to allow a session of the Central Committee. The October Revolution sparked the Russian Civil War, which lasted for the first few years of Lenins tenure. When McCoy poked him, saying that Spock finally had his "big chance" to command. Ambassador to Moscow Charles E. Bohlen and United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Chairman J. William Fulbright that East Germany had every right to close its borders, which were not disavowed by the Kennedy Administration, Khrushchev authorized East German leader Walter Ulbricht to begin construction of what became known as the Berlin Wall, which would surround West Berlin. While the boundary between the two German states had elsewhere been fortified, Berlin, administered by the four Allied powers, remained open. Vasily Stalin: The Sad Story Of The Soviet Dictator's Son "[172], Khrushchev founded several academic towns, such as Akademgorodok. But we must not allow a single honest Bolshevik to be harmed. But it was his position as secretary general of the partys Central Committee, from 1922 until his death, that provided the power base for his dictatorship. [54], When Nazi Germany invaded the USSR, in June 1941, Khrushchev was still at his post in Kiev. He let in fresh air and fresh ideas, producing changes which time already has shown are irreversible and fundamental. Second in Command - Rotten Tomatoes Molotov was resistant, but Khrushchev arranged for an Austrian delegation to come to Moscow and negotiate the treaty. [48], In late 1937, Stalin appointed Khrushchev as head of the Communist Party in Ukraine, and Khrushchev duly left Moscow for Kiev, again the Ukrainian capital, in January 1938. Second World War - Command & Conquer Wiki - covering Tiberium, Red Kolkhoz leaders used this as an excuse to expel their personal enemies, invalids, and the elderly, sending them to the eastern parts of the Soviet Union. Active as a politico-military leader on various fronts during the Civil War of 191820, Stalin also held two ministerial posts in the new Bolshevik government, being commissar for nationalities (191723) and for state control (or workers and peasants inspection; 191923). Tasked with stopping Japanese aggression along the Mongolian-Manchurian border, Zhukov arrived after the Soviet victory at the Battle of Lake Khasan. In his prime, Stalin was hailed as a universal genius, as a shining sun, or the staff of life, and also as a great teacher and friend (especially of those communities he most savagely persecuted); once he was even publicly invoked as Our Father by a metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church. [20] In 1921, the civil war ended, and Khrushchev was demobilized and assigned as commissar to a labor brigade in the Donbas, where he and his men lived in poor conditions. [237][238][239] A period of at least partial liberalization, known as the Polish October, followed. The periodical quickly published a note stating that Khrushchev's speech was merely a proposal, not policy. [192] While conscription of Soviet youth remained in force, exemptions from military service became more and more common, especially for students. However, Tompson points to the fact that the few mentions of Khrushchev in military memoirs published during the Brezhnev era were generally favorable, at a time when it was "barely possible to mention Khrushchev in print in any context". Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Evading Russian leader Joseph Stalin's "Great Purge" of the Red Army (1937-1939), Zhukov was selected to command the First Soviet Mongolian Army Group in 1938. Nagy called for a cease-fire and a withdrawal of Soviet troops, which a Khrushchev-led majority in the Presidium decided to obey, choosing to give the new Hungarian government a chance. The Soviets had protested the flights in the past but had been ignored by Washington. [45] In June 1937, the Politburo set a quota of 35,000enemies to be arrested in Moscow province; 5,000 of these were to be executed. However, the MTS stations remained closed, and the basic agricultural problems, which Khrushchev had tried to address, remained. Stalin refused to halt the offensive, and the Red Army divisions were soon encircled by the Germans. Mikhail Gorbachev signs a landmark arms control treaty with U.S. President Ronald Reagan in 1987. You might also like See More Sniper 3 . https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/second-secretary, "Second Secretary This would leave East Germany, which was not a party to treaties giving the Western Powers access to Berlin, in control of the routes to the city. After Stalin's death in March 1953, Malenkov functioned briefly as first secretary and then was transferred to the office of prime minister of the USSR. Nikita Khrushchev Former First Secretary of the CPSU Former Premier of the Soviet Union Early life Involvement in Stalin's purges Domestic policy Transfer of Crimea Seven-year plan Maize fever Virgin Lands campaign Anti-Party Group Sovnarkhozy Anti-religious campaign 1961 monetary reform Novocherkassk massacre Khrushchev dough Khrushchev Thaw In November 1958, calling West Berlin a "malignant tumor", he gave the United States, United Kingdom and France six months to conclude a peace treaty with both German states and the Soviet Union. These goals were met by farmers who slaughtered their breeding herds and by purchasing meat at state stores, then reselling it back to the government, artificially increasing recorded production. [271] Following his removal, he fell into deep depression. Molotov even proposed that Khrushchev, not Bulganin, replace Malenkov as premier. This project proved to be a resounding failure, although the lessons learned in West Africa during the Khrushchev years would have an important influence on Soviet foreign policy towards Africa in the following decades. Though he and U.S. President John F. Kennedy got off to a bad start, the leaders developed a relationship in which they understood that neither of them wanted nuclear war. [136] In 1958, however, Khrushchev ordered a fierce attack on Boris Pasternak after his novel Doctor Zhivago was published abroad (he was denied permission to publish it in the Soviet Union). Khrushchev was present at the defense of Stalingrad, a fact he took great pride in throughout his life. The Second in Command is a 1915 American silent drama film directed by William J. [227] On 22 October, Kennedy addressed his nation by television, revealing the missiles' presence and announcing a blockade of Cuba. That's my contribution. While Khrushchev hoped to accomplish this by 1947, lack of resources and armed resistance by partisans slowed the process. Stalinism: Stalin's Economic Policy (1930-40) | SchoolWorkHelper The topmost secretary in Moscow was general secretary, or sometimes called the first secretary. Weeks, Albert L. (1987). The last leader of the Soviet Union was Mikhail Gorbachev, who succeeded Chernenko as general secretary after Chernenkos death in 1985. [151] Especially after his visit to the United States in 1959, he was keenly aware of the need to emulate and even match American superiority and agricultural technology. On 5 March, Stalin died. - Quora. I warned Nikita that secrecy would give the imperialists the advantage. [240] A mass demonstration in Budapest on 23 October turned into a popular uprising. [76] Khrushchev rushed from district to district through Ukraine, urging the depleted labor force to greater efforts. [31] Castro had urged Khrushchev to launch a preemptive nuclear attack on the U.S. in the event of an invasion of Cuba,[232] and was angered by the outcome, referring to Khrushchev in profane terms. He was appointed Premier of the Ukrainian SSR in addition to his earlier party post, one of the rare instances in which the Ukrainian party and civil leader posts were held by one person. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. When their coup dtat occurred in November (October, Old Style) 1917, he played an important role, but one less prominent than that of his chief rival, Leon Trotsky. [99], On 1 March 1953, Stalin suffered a massive stroke. [243] On 3 November, two members of the Nagy government appeared in Ukraine as the self-proclaimed heads of a provisional government and demanded Soviet intervention, which was forthcoming. Eisenhower was actually unimpressed by the Soviet leader. Henry Ford had been at the center of American technology transfer to the Soviet Union in the 1930s; he sent over factory designs, engineers, and skilled craftsmen, as well as tens of thousands of Ford tractors. The delegation chief was approached by farmer and corn seed salesman Roswell Garst, who persuaded him to visit Garst's large farm. See, Timothy K. Blauvelt, "Patronage and betrayal in the post-Stalin succession: The case of Kruglov and Serov", Paul Marantz, "Internal Politics and Soviet Foreign Policy: A Case Study. [95] Khrushchev had prefabricated reinforced concrete used, greatly speeding up construction. Lenin had begun his revolutionary career as a Marxist who wanted to give political power to workers and peasants. However, he did not suffer the deadly fate suffered by the losers of previous Soviet power struggles and was pensioned off with an apartment in Moscow and a dacha in the countryside. [218], Khrushchev made his second and final visit to the United States in September 1960. Due to warring ideologies, tussles between the Soviet Union and its allies, and the legacy of the First World War, Germany actually surrendered twice. Khrushchev biographer Taubman speculates that this omission was most likely to avoid the possibility of being seen as complicit in the death of the son of a Politburo member. Brezhnev was 10 years old during the 1917 revolutions, which means that he was the first Soviet Union leader to come of age under the Soviet state. [24] He was more successful in advancing in the Communist Party; soon after his admission to the rabfak in August 1922, he was appointed party secretary of the entire tekhnikum, and became a member of the bureauthe governing councilof the party committee for the town of Yuzovka (renamed Stalino in 1924). [62] His role in the Stalingrad defense was not majorGeneral Vasily Chuikov, who led the city's defense, mentions Khrushchev only briefly in a memoir published while Khrushchev was premierbut to the end of his life, he was proud of his role. Stalin said that fascist agents killed him and used that as an excuse to start the great purges. Khrushchev ruled the Soviet Union during the construction of the Berlin Wall, the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion (in which the CIA attempted to overthrow Cuban leader Fidel Castro) and the Cuban Missile Crisis, which many believe to be the closest the United States and the Soviet Union ever came to nuclear war. //Alliluyeva, Svetlana (1926) | Encyclopedia.com Joseph Stalin, Russian in full Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin, original name (Georgian) Ioseb Dzhugashvili, (born December 18 [December 6, Old Style], 1878, Gori, Georgia, Russian Empire [see Researchers Note] died March 5, 1953, Moscow, Russia, U.S.S.R.), secretary-general of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (192253) and premier of the Soviet state (194153), who for a quarter of a century dictatorially ruled the Soviet Union and transformed it into a major world power.
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