However, it often still operates in fragile contexts. The recent international relations literature about cooperation has adopted a distinct approach. This result reflects the findings in the literature. The political economy of regulatory co-operation like any co-operation agreement across states and other stakeholders is complex. Accessibility It fosters regulatory transparency and may help reduce compliance and administrative costs. In this study, we have identified priority fields that China can collaborate with BRI countries and show its leadership. Bring the world within reach; It is efficiently used by the world's big corporations, research institutions and universities when they seek International Patent Protection; Gives robust grounds to the user for patenting decisions; It eliminates major expenses and gives users with extra time to consider their different Patent granting options. Please select the WEB or READ option instead (if available). Wider variety of products available to consumers: Due . For African and Western countries, the greatest need was Health industry. It has also used game theory as its central tool of analysis. . There is a risk that the co-operation never becomes operational and remains a high-level discussion. Sole proprietorship advantages and disadvantages, Partnership advantages and disadvantages, Co-operative - advantages and disadvantages, Consumer, Building and Occupational Services. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Three-year implementation plan for promoting the belt and road Health Exchange and Cooperation (2015-2017). Render date: 2023-06-29T04:28:08.629Z In particular (OECD, 2013[1]) identified four potential benefits (economic gains; progress in managing risks and externalities across borders; administrative efficiency; and knowledge flow) and four potential costs or obstacles to IRC (the costs of maintaining the cooperation, the flexibility to cooperate, the real or perceived loss of sovereignty; and the implementation bottlenecks). Promoting peace and human security establishes or reinforces the basic conditions required for sustainable development. 52 See, e.g., Odell, John, U.S. International Monetary Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982CrossRefGoogle Scholar). 16 Oye (fn. Networking In comparison, only 3.4% of participants, or two participants, said they would not be a part of BRI Health Cooperation (Table2), specifically a scholar from the United States and a Centers for Disease Control (CDC) official from Sudan. In practice, the debate on national preferences and the preservation of sovereignty can be a lively one. In this study, we have identified priority fields that China can collaborate with BRI Countries and show its leadership, such as health industry, medical services, and infectious disease prevention and control. Service Motive 13. Extracts from publications may be subject to additional disclaimers, which are set out in the complete version of the publication, available at the link provided. This can take several forms, ranging from differences in approaches to key regulatory concepts and issues, to variations in institutional set up that make the relationships unbalanced. The literature generally supports the view that regulatory co-operation leads to economic gains through reduced transaction costs and economies of scale. Co-operatives are democratic organisations, focused on delivering their mission to their members rather than maximising return to investors. 8. The OECD analytical work has identified a number of advantages and disadvantages that may materialise when countries make use of the different approaches to IRC. Beyond the signing of agreements and the high level commitment to regulatory co-operation, concretely implementing IRC may be strewn with obstacles. Two participants from Georgia, a nurse and an international staffer, indicated that they were not sure whether their countries had any intention to participate. 2). Lack of enforcement (some MRAs between the EU and the United States are not enforced). The recent literature also suffers from at least two serious problems. (That does not make any sense. 31 Gowa (fn. In August 1819, 2017, the Belt and Road High-level Meeting for Health cooperation: towards a Health Silk Road was organized by the National Health Commission (NHC) of the Peoples Republic of China (P.R.C.) 13 June 2011. Participants were composed of government officials, representatives of international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Health Organization, as well as representatives of relevant government departments, scientific research institutions, non-governmental organizations, think tanks, and enterprises. In this context, our results highlight an overwhelming preference for cooperation (over 93%), which is notable on a number of levels, not least for the stark contrast it provides when viewed against recent global events and trends: as in, an economic recession in Europe, a rising trend toward anti-globalization, war and chaos in West Asia, and an economic downturn in Africa [12]. - Quora. 2). Achieving the goal of decent work in the globalized economy requires action at the international level. The federal-only nature of the regulatory initiatives may generate difficulty to address regulations at different levels of jurisdiction. Domestic politics are central here, too. Humanitarian aid Humanitarian aid provides emergency assistance in acute and deteriorating natural disasters and violent conflict. Advantages of Globalization 1. Internal Financing 14. In this study, a survey questionnaire was developed to investigate the perspectives of 60 international experts from 29 BRI countries. 1 See, e.g., Krasner, Stephen, ed., International Regimes (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983Google Scholar); Keohane, Robert, After Hegemony (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984Google Scholar); Axelrod, Robert, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books, 1984Google Scholar); Putnam, Robert and Bayne, Nicholas, Hanging Together, 2d ed. 17 The principal supplier rule in GATT negotiations is an example. 1993. b. Received 2018 Dec 8; Accepted 2019 Jun 12. In Australia, the types of co-operative are: Co-operatives based in Tasmania are regulated byConsumer, Building and Occupational Services, which administers theCo-operatives National Law in the state. Xi Jinping attended the opening ceremony of the belt and road international cooperation summit forum and delivered a keynote speech.2017. No Speculation 11. In 2013, Chinese President Xi first put forward the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which aimed to develop cooperative partnerships with countries along the Belt and Road, and jointly build a community of interests, destiny and responsibility. 8 Keohane, , Reciprocity in International Relations, International Organization 40 (Winter 1986), 5CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Monitoring, cinfo Also, regional integration is even less politically . The Handbook of Country Risk. Advantages of International Trade: Optimum usage of resources: When countries try to produce the product that is the best suitable given the conditions that prevail in the country, they use the resources to the best capacity possible. . Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Feature Flags: { and Surhone LM, Tennoe MT, Henssonow SF. [9] Howse,R. (2012), Transatlantic regulatory cooperation and the problem of democracy, in Bermann,G., M.Herdegen and P.Lindseth (eds. This may prompt regulators to co-operate in order to achieve national regulatory objectives that are strongly affected by freer movement of goods, services and people. For the African participants, the greatest barriers were Lack of communication platform (23.5%), Cultural difference (14.7%), and Complex application procedure (14.7%) (Fig. It also includes negotiation processes at the governmental level. 2) claims that asymmetry on each side allows the number oi actors to be reduced, which facilitates negotiation. 30) also makes this point (pp. the export of regulatory rules and practices, which promotes regulatory convergence across states through network effects. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. ), Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation: Legal Problems and Political Prospects, Oxford University Press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198298922.003.0027. In some instances, private schemes may fail to achieve comprehensiveness and become clubs of specific interest. 48 Since he does not test domestic explanations against his international one, it is difficult to support this claim. We would like to thank Zhongjun Bi and Yage Liu for revising the questionnaire, and Shan Lu and Sanyu Ge for helping during the survey, and Dave Hare for language editing. 27 For further support, see Snidal (fn. Once the company has international operations it automatically leads to an increase in brand value of the company domestically because its all about perception and when people see that company is operating in many countries and not in the domestic market only then they have more confidence and patronage towards the companys products. That is, despite Chinas governments of all levels on international health cooperation issuing a series of relevant preferential policies, international awareness of these policies is still low (which may be related to the insufficient spillover effect of domestic preferential policies). Limited Liability 5. [4] Abbott,K. and D.Snidal (2000), Hard and soft law in international governance, International Organization, Vol. 39 Holmes, John et al., Boundary Roles and Intergroup Conflict, in Worchel, Stephen and Austin, William, eds., Psychology of Intergroup Relations, 2d ed. Among the 58 participants, 24 were from Asia (41.4%), 3 from Europe and 1 from South America. As a result, the 58 questionnaires were collected and analyzed for our study purpose. Analysis on health cooperation intentions, demands, advantages and disadvantages among "belt and road" countries. Haas does not believe, however, that side-payments were the key to cooperation (see p. 188). First, it has developed a concept of cooperation, which can help distinguish what behavior counts as cooperation and which has been adopted widely in thefield.Second, the literature ha* tried to illuminate the conditions under which cooperation is likely to emerge. Napier AD, Ancarno C, Butler B, et al. . French, All authors reviewed the paper, provided critical feedback, and approved the final version to be published. Traditional medicine (1.8%) was identified as being a non-priority need. 3/2, pp. Do you represent an educational institution? An illustration of how this is currently being achieved is the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), which, since 2014, has become an embodiment of China's international perspective of openness and economic reform, and . The standardisation process tends to be slow and to enshrine existing technical practice. Enforcement and monitoring may be limited owing to a lack of legal basis mainly based on reputational aspects. A pre-test trail was also conducted by two-person groups. and Considering the relatively low participation from Europe, North America and South America (that is, a total of 15 people, accounting for 25.9% of the total number of survey), these participants are referred to as a collective titled, Western countries. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Can you predict what work in an organisation looks like from its status? Research on the status and implication of the health cooperation between China and countries along belt and road. that some countries derive the benefits without incurring the cost of co-operating. One of the key results of the questionnaire survey, needs, shows participants views on where and what BRI Health Cooperation should focus its attention on. Third, two main cross-cultural barriers for cooperation were encountered: (1) Cultural differences; and (2) Lack of communication platforms. 54 See, e.g., Block, Fred, The Origins of International Economic Disorder (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977Google Scholar). Promoting peace includes both military and civilian measures. International cooperation strategies in different states of ChinaExperience from World Health Organization. We declare that the study was conducted after securing ethical clearance from the Medical Ethics Committee of Wuhan University School of Medicine, and obtaining consent from study participants. An example of this cooperation is the hospital alliance between China and Central and Eastern European countries, where joint research and treatment of intractable diseases are engaged, allowing the respective publics to enjoy the highest level of medical diagnosis and treatment at home [17]. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Every company dreams of becoming big so that it can expand its operations not only in the domestic market but also internationally. Tendering for Government businesswhy do it? Do you represent an organisation? Even though the neighboring Asian countries are the starting countries of B&R, cross-border cooperation may remain a major challenge. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. (Howse, 2012[9]) for example highlights inherent issues of democratic deficits arising from a delegation of powers, which takes place when co-operative regulatory activity is authorised by constitutional representative institutions.