the effects of malnutrition during critical periods in pregnancy:the effects of malnutrition during critical periods in pregnancy:

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can affect brain development in early life, but few studies have investigated the effects of PAE on trajectories of white matter tract maturation in young children. Consumption of water, sucrose and body mass were measured every day. It is incredibly not safe for the infant or smart to consume alcohol during pregnancy. Girgis, R. R., Javitch, J. 5C). Maternal dietary pattern during breastfeeding and its influence on weight gain and the poor feeding habits in children has also been reported in several human studies40. Spear, L. P. & File, S. E. Methodological considerations in neurobehavioral teratology. Following sedation with 45% isoflurane, mice were laid in supine position in the mouse holder where the gas anesthesia (1.52.5% isoflurane) was maintained during scanning. Psychological bulletin 79, 398407 (1973). Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Correspondence to slow behavioral and intellectual development, possibly resulting in learning difficulties. Sci Rep 9, 17322 (2019). To obtain Baseline: On days 14, water was provided in both tubes for two 30min sessions at 12pm and 4pm. Describe fetal development from conception to birth and explain how maternal malnutrition can affect critical periods. Nutrition Before Pregnancy is Critical for Fetal Development and - OHSU Google Scholar. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants. The inlets show the DA level in the Nac, and hypothalamus of male and female offspring born to early and late gestation HFD exposed dams. Maternal &Child Health Journal, 22(8), 11461153. (G) LI-conditioned taste aversion (CTA): the bar graph displays the percentage of sucrose consumption in the pre-exposed and non pre-exposed mice from both lactation and CTR group. The American journal of clinical nutrition 80, 15791588, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1579 (2004). Malnutrition in developed countries is unfortunately still more common in situations of poverty, social isolation and substance misuse. & Stickland, N. C. A maternal junk food diet in pregnancy and lactation promotes an exacerbated taste for junk food and a greater propensity for obesity in rat offspring. We observe that only Lact offspring show significant weight gain from weaning throughout adulthood compared to CTR offspring. With the additional burden of pregnancy which limits physical capabilities, food insecure mothers have a difficult time accessing and preparing nutritional meals. Levels of dopamine and its metabolites in the offspring exposed to maternal HFD during critical periods of development. We next measured and compared the levels of DA and its metabolites (DOPAC and HVA) in each brain region (Nac, dSTR, VTA, SN, Hypo and mPFC) from the different offspring groups. Human studies demonstrate differences in weight gain between breastfed infants and formula fed or mixed fed infants41,42,43. 4D, no difference in spontaneous locomotor activity at baseline and following injection of saline was detected between the offspring groups. Further, the PE-lactation offspring group showed significant higher avoidance responses compared to PE-CTR offspring (P<0.0008). Article Together, these findings indicated that a disruption of LI was evident in Lact offspring. Heres how to fix the problem. The male breeders were exposed to chow and removed from the mating cage as soon as the copulation plug was confirmed. Food Research Action Council. G.S. Maternal nutrition | UNICEF 8600 Rockville Pike maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy affects . Human PET studies show that a systemic low dose amphetamine induces psychotic symptoms in normal subjects and exacerbates positive symptoms in schizophrenic patients by stimulating striatal DA release50,51. Sullivan, E. L., Riper, K. M., Lockard, R. & Valleau, J. C. Maternal high-fat diet programming of the neuroendocrine system and behavior. Similarly, 2 months preconception HFD exposure does not alter motivational behaviors tested in progressive ratio task and sucrose preference tests in the rat offspring47. In the alcohol preference test, offspring exposed to HFD during LG preferred more alcohol at higher concentrations compared to both EG and CTR offspring (F2,51=3.65; P<0.03). A reduction in avoidance responses in the pre-exposed (PE) compared to the non pre-exposed (NPE) groups constituted the LI phenomenon. Boyle, C. N., Rossier, M. M. & Lutz, T. A. Decreased activity of rat A10 dopamine neurons following withdrawal from repeated cocaine. In the Nac, ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of group (F4,68=5.69; P<0.0006), sex (F4,68=15.16; P<0.0003) and a groupsex interaction (F4,68=6.50; P<0.0003). Indeed, studies in rodents demonstrate that maternal HFD (MHFD) exposure before and throughout pregnancy and lactation induces adiposity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia associated with pancreatic beta cell dysfunction as well as altered hepatic gene expression related to glucose and lipid metabolism in the offspring13,14,15. Mol Psychiatry 13, 918929, https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2008.40 (2008). Circulation 125, 13811389, https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.111.070060 (2012). Maternal high-fat diet during pregnancy or lactation changes the somatic and neurological development of the offspring. The key difference is that our MHFD model does not induce an obesogenic phenotype in HFD dams22. Pediatrics 107, E88 (2001). Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology 3, 3351, https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125312464385 (2013). A., Hartman, T. G. & Levin, B. E. Postnatal environment overrides genetic and prenatal factors influencing offspring obesity and insulin resistance. Neonatal insulin action impairs hypothalamic neurocircuit formation in response to maternal high-fat feeding. *P<0.05; **P<0.001; ***P<0.0001. f, female; m, male. All mouse experiments described in this study were carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Animal Welfare Ordinance (TSchV 455.1) of the Swiss Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office. Nevertheless, our data support the human observation and emphasizes the importance of proper diet selection during breastfeeding to lessen the risk of obesity or overweight in future generations. To poly(I:C) or not to poly(I:C): advancing preclinical schizophrenia research through the use of prenatal immune activation models. The Role of Malnutrition during Pregnancy and Its Effects on - MDPI https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-018-2499-9, Goel, A., Nischan, M., Frist, B., & Colicchio, T. (2020, August 7). 2B). Disclaimer. Zieba, J., Uddin, G. M., Youngson, N. A., Karl, T. & Morris, M. J. Treatment . (Goel et al., 2020). Vucetic, Z., Kimmel, J., Totoki, K., Hollenbeck, E. & Reyes, T. M. Maternal high-fat diet alters methylation and gene expression of dopamine and opioid-related genes. To analyze the preference for HFD a 222 (maternal exposuresexfood) for the preconception and the lactation groups and a 322 (maternal exposuresexfood) ANOVA for the gestation group were used. Moreover, the PE-lactation group showed enhanced suppression of sucrose intake compared to the PE-CTR group (P<0.04). PubMed Central Malnutrition during the critical period of pregnancy has significant health outcomes for both the mother and her offspring. Thus far, only a handful of studies in rodents have investigated the effects of MHFD exposure during specific periods of gestation and lactation. In addition to subsidy-based assistance, Frongillo et al. The images were analyzed using the La Theta 2.10 software. In the HFD preference test, ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of diet (F1, 28=261.39; P<0.0001). (Chilton et al., 2007) Upon a deficit, or even a slight interruption in any of these components, the likelihood of long term physical, medical, and functional impairments in health and development rises. In addition, Lact offspring show increased amphetamine-induced locomotor activity. Article (Chilton et al., 2007) This stage of human growth, which spans from in-utero through the age of two, involves integral brain development through the growth of dendrites, the production of axons, and the rapid connection of new neural synapses in response to nutritional factors, environmental circumstances, and early exposures. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 20, 423451 (2000). The amplitude of the whole body startle response was defined as the average of 100ms accelerometer readings collected from the pulse onset. N=(6m, 6f) per group. (C) and (D) DOPAC levels in the PC, Sem 1, Sem 2 and Lact offspring compared to the CTR. Fakhri, M. & Tzouvala, N. (2020, July 17). CTR=control; Lact=lactation; HFD=high fat diet; PE=pre-exposure; NPE=non pre-exposure. One possible explanation would be that the MHFD consumption initiate at different stages of development especially late gestation and lactation could directly affect the structural and functional maturation of dopaminergic neurons, which lead to altered DA levels later in life. Data acquisition and calculations were performed using a chromatography workstation (Chromeleon, Dionex, Olten, Switzerland). Effects of maternal HFD exposure during lactation on the behavior of the offspring. Monoamines were measured in the Nac, dSTR, VTA, SN, Hypo and mPFC by postmortem HPLC and expressed as ng/mg tissue weight. MHFD during early and late gestation induces increased sensitivity to amphetamine whereas increased alcohol consumption is observed only following late gestational HFD exposure. The motion inside the tube was recorded by a piezoelectric accelerometer below the frame. 3CG). Recently, MHFD was shown to affect brain development and behaviors of the offspring such as impaired cognitive functions16,17,18,19,20, increased emotionality21, addiction-like behaviors and motivational aspects22,23,24,25. Association of food insecurity with childrensbehavioral, emotional, and academic outcomes: a systematic review. Cardiometabolic implications of postpartum weight changes in the first year after delivery. In contrast, no difference was observed in avoidance responses between the PE and NPE groups in the Lact offspring. A systematic review of studies published between 2000 and 2014 that incorporated MNT by an RDN during pregnancy were retrieved from a PubMed search, using criteria established by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process. government site. Conversely, offspring exposed to MHFD during lactation display the metabolic syndrome and schizophrenia-like phenotype. We evaluated before different metabolic traits of the dams that were exposed to either HFD or chow at preconception, early and late gestation and lactation in a separate cohort of mice22. Not much is known on the negative or positive effects of food taboos on pregnancy outcomes of Zulu women. Animals were placed in the open field arena and basal locomotor activity was recorded for 30min. However, convergence evidence suggests a crucial role of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system in the pathogenesis of addiction61, schizophrenia62 and obesity63. The brain regions were dissected according to the Mouse Brain Atlas in Stereotaxic Coordinates (Paxinos and Franklin, 2008) which were as follows: dSTR (bregma +1.34 to +0.14mm), Nac (bregma +1.60 to +0.98mm), mPFC (bregma +2.68 to+1.94mm), Hypo (bregma 1.34 to 2.06mm), SN (bregma 2.80 to 3.64mm), VTA (bregma 2.92 to 3.64mm). (Fakhri & Tzouvala, 2020) Additionally, the critical period of development is often overlooked when investigating food insecurity. Rodrigues, A. J. et al. The Journal of nutrition 139, 412s416s, https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.097014 (2009). (Chilton, 2013) With accumulating evidence that food insecurity is a leading contributor to detrimental health outcomes among newborns and infants, the issue can no longer be ignored; therefore, it is imperative to address this intricately multifaceted yet resolvable problem to disrupt the cycle of poverty and improve child health. This multidimensional issue poses distinctive complications for children, especially those in the critical period of development, who are food insecuritys most vulnerable victims. CAS 4E). Psychopharmacology 225, 341352, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2819-5 (2013). (B) HFD preference test: the bar graph shows the offspring from all groups prefer HFD to chow. The levels of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites (dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, DOPAC; homovanillic acid, HVA) were measured by a HPLC system equipped with an electrochemical detector (Decade II; Antec, Leyden, The Netherlands) as previously described85,86. To avoid sex78 and litter79 effect, maximum one male and one female offspring from each litter of every treatment groups were allocated in each behavioral, metabolic and neurochemical experiment. Nutrients. Lact offspring showed significantly higher locomotor activity in response to amphetamine compared to CTR offspring as was supported by a significant main effect of group (F1,19=9.30; P<0.008) and a significant interaction of group10-min bins (F11,209=4.67; P<0.0001). LI was also assessed in the CTA paradigm as previously described in detail elsewhere84. Penfold, N. C. & Ozanne, S. E. Developmental programming by maternal obesity in 2015: Outcomes, mechanisms, and potential interventions. PubMed Central To analyze the % PPI, a 2233 (maternal exposuresexpulse levelprepulse level) for the preconception and the lactation groups and a 3233 (maternal exposuresexpulse levelprepulse level) repeated measures ANOVA for the gestation group were used. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 288, R11221128, https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00335.2004 (2005). Behaviorally nave animals were chosen from each sex and group for the metabolic and neurochemical analysis. These observations suggested that the Lact offspring displayed impaired LI in the CTA paradigm. Both under- and over-nutrition may seriously impact on long term health status and life expectancy. N=(10m, 10f) per group. The offspring from both groups did not differ in their preference to HFD (F1, 27=0.02; P=0.89; Fig. No difference was detected in sucrose preference between the groups (Fig. Reduction of dopamine release and synthesis by repeated amphetamine treatment: role in behavioral sensitization. Neuropharmacology 41, 989999 (2001). Maternal malnutrition increases the risk of gestational anemia, hypertension, miscarriages and fetal deaths during pregnancy, pre-term delivery and maternal mortality. The bar plot depicts the comparison of the mean %PPI between the groups. https://theconversation.com/to-reduce-world-hunger-governments-need-to-think-beyond-making-food-cheap-142361, Frongillo, E., Nguyen, P., Sanghvi, T., Mahmud, Z., Aktar, B., Alayon, S., & Menon., P. (2019). Diabetes 61, 28332841 (2012). The consumption was determined by calculating the difference in the weight of the drinking tube before and after the test session. 4C). We therefore hypothesize that the behavioral and metabolic abnormalities in offspring exposed to MHFD during different time windows might be partly explained by the neurochemical changes in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. 1B). Subsequent post hoc analysis yielded that both male and female Lact offspring showed significantly higher DA levels in the Nac (P<0.0001) compared to CTR offspring (Fig. Lancet (London, England) 387, 13771396, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30054-x (2016). Adult mice were euthanized by CO2. Meyer, U., Chang, D. L., Feldon, J. Amphetamine induced locomotor activity was subjected to a 2212 (maternal exposuresex10-min bins) for the preconception and the lactation groups and a 3212 (maternal exposuresex10-min bins) repeated-measures ANOVA for the gestation group. (Fakhri & Tzouvala, 2020) In the United States alone, studies report food insecurity among 11.8% of the nations population, 35% of which includes households with children. Maternal exposure to Western diet affects adult body composition and voluntary wheel running in a genotype-specific manner in mice. Maternal undernutrition has detrimental effects on fetal development and adult health. Schizophr Bull 26, 275286 (2000). This work has been supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) and by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH-Zurich) grants awarded to D.P.-R. Biochim Biophys Acta 1842, 304317, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.11.021 (2014). Here, we investigate the effects of maternal high-fat diet (MHFD) at different stages of pre- or postnatal development and characterize the behavioral, neurochemical and metabolic phenotypes. (B) HFD preference test: The bar graph shows the mean HFD preference in percentage in the PC and CTR offspring. Diabetologia 52, 22642269, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1501-x (2009). However, significant changes in DA and its metabolites are detected in the early and late gestation HFD exposed offspring. Ten offspring from both sexes from 10 different litters were used for HFD, sucrose and alcohol preference test. Maternal malnutrition during pregnancy could provide clue to - NICHD Article PubMed (2) Late gestation HFD exposure induces most features of addictive-like behaviors that is further substantiated by the presence of lower striatal DA levels. "Foetal programming" refers to nutritional and hormonal variations during pregnancy. Behavioural brain research 210, 155163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.02.016 (2010). The presence of such metabolic abnormalities is not solely an effect of antipsychotic drug treatment. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, European Journal of Medical Research (2022). The levels of DOPAC were also influenced by MHFD exposure at critical periods depending on different brain regions. volume9, Articlenumber:17322 (2019) Young men whose mothers lived in famine-affected areas of the Netherlands during early pregnancy had an increased risk of obesity . Birth weight is associated with obesity and T2DM in adulthood among Chinese women. However, no animal studies have been conducted so far to translate such observations. Witness to hunger. Peleg-Raibstein, D. & Feldon, J. National Library of Medicine Nutrition 32, 11381143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2016.03.001 (2016). By providing the essential nutrition to food insecure pregnant women, the critical development of the fetus would not be compromised. The major nutrients of the chow diet are 18.5% crude protein, dry matter 88%, crude fat 4.5%, 54.2% nitrogen free extract (NFE). Neurochemistry international 57, 235247 (2010). In contrast, higher levels of HVA were observed in the VTA of LG female offspring compared to CTR (P<0.005) as well as EG (P<0.05) offspring (Fig. The position of the tubes was changed between sessions to minimize side preference. The double burden of malnutrition consists of both undernutrition and overweight and obesity, as well as diet-related noncommunicable diseases. and JavaScript. Google Scholar. 4A). The blood was collected by cardiac puncture in an aliquot containing 5ul EDTA (0.6M) and centrifuged on 1000g for 10min. Meyer, U. Malnutrition: causes and consequences - PMC - National Center for Long-term health consequences of poor nutrition during pregnancy 115-120). Daria Peleg-Raibstein. N=(6m, 6f) per group. Tissue punches from right and left hemisphere were combined, weighed and collected in an aliquot containing ice-cold 300 ul 0.4M perchloric acid (HClO4). The first two months are critical periods and a woman may not know she is pregnant which is most common when fetal alcohol syndrome occurs. The statistical outcome was supported by a priori multiple comparisons, not a posteriori comparisons. All data were presented as meanstandard error of mean (SEM). Pantaleao, L. C. et al. The groups were summarized in Fig. CAS You can be overweight and undernourished. Malnutrition refers to deficiencies or excesses in nutrient intake, imbalance of essential nutrients or impaired nutrient utilization. One of the major findings in the current study is the clear dissociation of behavioral phenotypes in the offspring exposed to MHFD at different time windows. However, it still remains unclear during which phases of early development the offspring is more vulnerable. Reduced aversion in the PE animals compared to the NPE animals constituted LI. Recent research from human case control and cohort studies provides a positive correlation between pre-pregnancy BMI or gestational weight gain and increased predisposition towards schizophrenia in the adult offspring54,55. Al-Nimr RI, Hakeem R, Moreschi JM, Gallo S, McDermid JM, Pari-Keener M, Stahnke B, Papoutsakis C, Handu D, Cheng FW. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to show in a mouse model that MHFD exposure exclusively during lactation is sufficient to induce schizophrenia-related abnormalities in the offspring later in life. Papanastasiou, E. The prevalence and mechanisms of metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia: a review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 51, 134143 (2010). The origins of the developmental origins theory. (D) Amphetamine sensitivity: the line plots show the distance travelled in successive 10min bins following baseline, saline and a systemic amphetamine injection in the open field paradigm. Effects of early malnutrition on mental system, metabolic syndrome (A,B) DA contents in the PC, Sem 1, Sem 2 and Lact offspring compared to the CTR. European journal of pharmacology 218, 171173 (1992). Sarker, G. et al. PubMed Gorski, J. N., Dunn-Meynell, A. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 19802013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. In EG offspring, a dissociation between female and male offspring emerged exclusively in the Nac region where lower DA and HVA levels were detected in male offspring and higher DA levels in the female offspring compared to their controls. Sun, B. et al. Bayol, S. A., Farrington, S. J. Accessibility 2A). Similar alterations in striatal DA levels are reported in chronic methamphetamine users64 as well as rodent models of addiction following withdrawal from cocaine65, amphetamine66 and ethanol67. The test was conducted in four ventilated startle chambers (SR-LAB, San Diego Instruments, San Diego, CA, USA). The effects of malnutrition during critical periods in pregnancy: Are irreversible A diabetes-like condition may develop when ____ is lacking in the diet Chromium Marasmus May be described as a nutritional deficiency disease caused by A chronic, severe, deprivation of food Nutrition therapy for hypertension includes (A) HFD preference test: the bar graph shows the mean HFD preference in the lactation and CTR group. Statistical Principles in Experimental Design. Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Maternal and Infant Outcomes of Pregnancy-An Evidence Analysis Center Systematic Review. Peleg-Raibstein, D., Luca, E. & Wolfrum, C. Maternal high-fat diet in mice programs emotional behavior in adulthood. 5A). & Meyer, U. Behavioral animal models of antipsychotic drug actions. In the LI-CTA paradigm, LI was indexed by the relative increase of sucrose consumption in the PE compared to the NPE animals. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012202.pub2. Experimental design illustrating the breeding scheme and dietary pattern. (F) Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex: the line plot shows the percent PPI as a function of different pulses (100, 110 and 120dB) and the corresponding prepulse intensities (+6, +12 and +18 DB above the background 65dB). N=(10m, 10f) per group and condition. PubMed Central