After siding with Pescennius Niger against the victorious Septimius Severus, the city was besieged by Roman forces and suffered extensive damage in AD 196. [3], The etymology of Byzantium is unknown. [27][26][28][29] The first human settlement on the Asian side, the Fikirtepe mound, is from the Copper Age period, with artifacts dating from 5500 to 3500 BCE,[30] On the European side, near the point of the peninsula (Sarayburnu), there was a Thracian settlement during the early 1st millennium BCE. Constantinople was sacked by the western European knights of the Fourth Crusade in 1204. [237] The most prominent of the festivals that evolved from the original Istanbul Festival is the Istanbul Biennial, held every two years since 1987. barbarians from the north To this day it remains the largest and most populous city in Turkey, although Ankara is now the national capital. [334][335] After Istanbul's Haydarpaa Terminal opened in 1908, it served as the western terminus of the Baghdad Railway and an extension of the Hejaz Railway; today, neither service is offered directly from Istanbul. A Brief History of Constantinople/Istanbul, Turkey - ThoughtCo Wiki User 2009-11-08 18:09:12 Study now See answer (1). Justinian I, Latin in full Flavius Justinianus, original name Petrus Sabbatius, (born 483, Tauresium, Dardania [probably near modern Skopje, North Macedonia]died November 14, 565, Constantinople [now Istanbul, Turkey]), Byzantine emperor (527-565), noted for his administrative reorganization of the imperial government and for his sponsorship of a codification of laws known as the Code of . Istanbul is also famous for its sophisticated and elaborately-cooked dishes of the Ottoman cuisine. Cognizant that revitalization would fail without the repopulation of the city, Mehmed II welcomed everyoneforeigners, criminals, and runaways showing extraordinary openness and willingness to incorporate outsiders that came to define Ottoman political culture. How Constantinople Became Istanbul, Turkey (Worldview w - YouTube Constantinople - Facts, Summary, & Significance | HISTORY Istanbul is home to some of Turkey's oldest sports clubs. [68] Revitalizing Istanbul also required a massive program of restorations, of everything from roads to aqueducts. Constantinople - The Washington Post [5] Byzantins (Medieval Greek: , Latin: Byzantinus) denoted an inhabitant of the empire. Cities in the Roman Empire often continued to issue their own coinage. Istanbul straddles both Europe and Asia, with its commercial and historical centre and two-thirds of the population in Europe, the rest in Asia. ABOVE: Greek lithograph from 1897 showing the Battle of Velestino. You say Greek invaders but in reality the Greeks have been living there for centuries if not millennia. Under this new treaty, Turkey retained control over all of Asia Minor, as well as control over Constantinople and Eastern Thrake. [104] If trends continue, sea level rise is likely to affect city infrastructure, for example Kadkoy metro station is threatened with flooding. How Did Ancient Greek Women Make Themselves Look Seductive? It was a commercial, cultural, and diplomatic centre and for centuries formed the capital of the Byzantine Empire, which decorated the city with numerous monuments, some still standing today. [355] Apart from the wild land mammals Istanbul hosts a sizeable stray animal population. History: Quiz 1-Government and Churches of Early Eastern Europe Based on state register data, which is unchangeable and inhereted from the family. Istanbul has more than 93 colleges and universities,[288] with 400,000 students[289] enrolled in 2016. By the time both cities fell to their conquerors, they were just the mere shadows of what they once had been. Byzantium (/bzntim, -m/) or Byzantion (Ancient Greek: ) was an ancient Greek city in classical antiquity that became known as Constantinople in late antiquity and Istanbul today. Following the influx of immigrants from southeastern and eastern Turkey, which began in the 1960s, the city's foodscape has drastically changed by the end of the century; with influences of Middle Eastern cuisine such as kebab taking an important place in the food scene. Her symbols were the crescent and star, and the walls of her city were her provenance.[19]. [109], Dolmabahe Palace, the seat of government during the late Ottoman period, is in the Beikta district on the European shore of the Bosporus strait, to the north of Beyolu. Tradition says that Byzas of Megara (a city-state near Athens) founded the city when he sailed northeast across the Aegean Sea. [81] Due to Ottoman and Turkish policies of Turkification and ethnic cleansing, the city's Christian population declined from 450,000 to 240,000 between 1914 and 1927. [95][96], As with virtually every part of the world, climate change is causing more heatwaves,[99] droughts,[100] storms,[101] and flooding[102][103] in Istanbul. Byzantium 404 BC196 CE The high quality of healthcare, especially in private hospitals, has contributed to a recent upsurge in medical tourism to Turkey (with a 40 percent increase between 2007 and 2008). [148] All representatives on the committee are appointed by the metropolitan mayor and the council, with the mayoror someone of his or her choosingserving as head. Imagine Italy without Rome, France without Paris, England without London, USA without New York. [118] The Turkish government also has ambitious plans for an expansion of the city west and northwards on the European side in conjunction with the new Istanbul Airport, opened in 2019; the new parts of the city will include four different settlements with specified urban functions, housing 1.5million people. The high population growth mirrors an urbanization trend across the country, as the second and third fastest-growing OECD metropolises are the Turkish cities of Izmir and Ankara. [148][149], District councils are chiefly responsible for waste management and construction projects within their respective districts. I have no particular religious axe to grind here, but fear that this will cause all kinds of problems for orthodoxy as well as the Vatican. [] There are two great centres of Hellenism. 609 HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY SELF TEST 1 Flashcards | Quizlet [115] Moreover, large scale gentrification and urban renewal projects have been taking place,[116] such as the one in Tarlaba;[117] some of these projects, like the one in Sulukule, have faced criticism. This reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity. Critics have claimed that the bans were in fact due to ideological reasons. Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in Turkey are in Istanbul. [130] The minarets date from that period. I am watching with interest the fate of the Hagia Sofia which, previously designated as a museum by the Turkish government, now appears to be reverting to a mosque. [197], Administratively, Istanbul is divided into 39 districts, more than any other province in Turkey. [164][165], According to 2020 TK data around 2.1 million people in a population of over 15.4 million have been registered[g] in Istanbul, meanwhile the vast majority of the residents ultimately originate from Anatolian provinces, especially those in the Black Sea, Central and Eastern Anatolia regions due to internal migration since the 1950s. Yet, the use of the name "Konstantiniyye" was prohibited at one time during the Ottoman period by Sultan Mustafa III, but it was a brief . This included the island of Krete, the region of Makedonia in what is now northern mainland Greece, the region of Thrake in what is now eastern mainland Greece and the western, European part of Turkey, and the entire west coast of Asia Minor. 11431180). Atatrk Olympic Stadium, the largest multi-purpose stadium in Turkey, was completed in 2002 as an IAAF first-class venue for track and field. Topkap Palace, dating back to 1465, is the oldest seat of government surviving in Istanbul. The city of stanbul has had many different names over the years. To make sure none of us ever forgot that Constantinople is stanbul, my teacher played us the song Istanbul (Not Constantinople), which was originally written in 1953 by Jimmy Kennedy and Nat Simon, but is best known today from a cover released in 1990 by the alternative rock band They Might Be Giants. This is more out of tradition and force of habit than out of irredentism. He died on 25 October. [186] They continue to live in Istanbul (mostly in Karaky, Beyolu and Nianta), and Izmir (mostly in Karyaka, Bornova and Buca). Despite its development as a Turkish city since 1453, it contains many ancient, Roman, Byzantine, Christian, Muslim, and Jewish monuments. [330] The city's main cruise ship terminal is the Port of Istanbul in Karaky, with a capacity of 10,000 passengers per hour. Areas around stiklal Avenue were filled with grand European embassies and rows of buildings in Neoclassical, Renaissance Revival and Art Nouveau styles, which went on to influence the architecture of a variety of structures in Beyoluincluding churches, stores, and theatersand official buildings such as Dolmabahe Palace.[138]. On 2 October 1920, King Alexandros of Greece was walking through the grounds of the Tatoi Palace in Athens when he was attacked and bitten by a domestic Barbary macaque. osannye ( Ottoman Turkish: ) and stanbul were the names used alternatively by the Ottomans during their rule. "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City." The Roman Empire, which existed from 27BC to 1453, was headed by emperors and had territorial holdings in Africa, Europe, and Asia. Kind Regards, [129], Built in porphyry and erected at the center of the Forum of Constantine in 330 CE to mark the founding of the new Roman capital, the Column of Constantine was originally adorned with a sculpture of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great depicted as the solar god Apollo on its top, which fell in 1106 and was later replaced by a cross during the reign of Byzantine emperor Manuel Komnenos (r. In case youve never heard it, heres a video with the song on YouTube: One thing my seventh grade social studies teacher never explained, though, is the reasonwhyConstantinople is now known as stanbul. [248], Istanbul is known for its historic seafood restaurants. [15][16], The first known name of the city is Byzantium (Greek: , Byzntion), the name given to it at its foundation by Megarian colonists around 657 BCE. [23] In modern Turkish, the name is written as stanbul, with a dotted , as the Turkish alphabet distinguishes between a dotted and dotless I. [15] Istanbul has three major shipping ports the Port of Haydarpaa, the Port of Ambarl, and the Port of Zeytinburnu as well as several smaller ports and oil terminals along the Bosporus and the Sea of Marmara. [349], Istanbul Atatrk Airport, located 24 kilometers (15mi) west of the city center, on the European side, near the Marmara Sea coast, was formerly the city's largest airport. I suspect that a substantial number of people living in the regions that proponents of the Megali Idea wanted to claim for Greece didnt really want to be ruled by Greece. The tale is also related by Stephanus of Byzantium, and Eustathius. [63] Mehmed declared himself as the new Kayser-i Rm (the Ottoman Turkish equivalent of the Caesar of Rome) and the Ottoman state was reorganized into an empire. Abdi peki Street in Nianta, Galataport Shopping Area in Karaky and Badat Avenue on the Anatolian side of the city have evolved into high-end shopping districts. To understand the precise context of why the name was changed, lets go back to the very beginning. [342] The IATA airport code IST was also transferred to the new airport. [322][323] The two sides of Istanbul's metro are connected under the Bosphorus by the Marmaray Tunnel, inaugurated in 2013 as the first rail connection between Thrace and Anatolia, having 13.5km length. In English the stress is on the first or last syllable, but in Turkish it is on the second syllable (-tan-). [303] Turkey has more hospitals accredited by the U.S.-based Joint Commission than any other country in the world, with most concentrated in its big cities. Beikta JK, established in 1903, is considered the oldest of these sports clubs. Due to its initial status as Turkey's only club, Beikta occasionally represented the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic in international sports competitions, earning the right to place the Turkish flag inside its team logo. From 1926 onwards, the Turkish post office began sending back all mail addressed to the city of stanbul by any name other thanstanbul. The presence of feral cats in Istanbul (Turkish: sokak kedisi) is noted to be very prevalent, with estimates ranging from a hundred thousand to over a million stray cats. Finally, on 29 May 1453, Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Turks under the leadership of Sultan Mehmed II. Wild land mammals are mainly concentrated in the northern forested areas of Istanbul. When did Constantinople become Istanbul? | Live Science It was widely believed at the time that the Allied Powers would reward Greece for having sided with them by giving them control over most of the Ottoman Empires former territories in Europeincluding perhaps even the city of Constantinople itselfand most of the west coast of Asia Minor. [187] In marked contrast to Jews in Europe, Ottoman Jews were allowed to work in any profession. [71] Money could not protect the rich from all the discomforts and harsher sides of Istanbul. In fact, for most of the Ottoman period, the most official name for the city in the Turkish language was actuallyKostantiniyye. [] Devotion to, "The silver emissions of Constantine I from Constantinopolis, and the celebration of the millennium of Byzantion in 333/334 CE", Istanbul Historical Information Istanbul Informative Guide To The City, Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies, Vasilief, A History of the Byzantine Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantium&oldid=1154467074, Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome"). [147] The Municipal Council is advised by the Metropolitan Executive Committee, although the committee also has limited power to make decisions of its own. In fact for us Europeans it was much more significant as it signaled that a new power was going to contend for supremacy on our continent. You are partly right i the snese that the Byzantines considered themselves as Romans and spoke Latin tuntil the 7th century AD. [26] That early settlement, important in the spread of the Neolithic Revolution from the Near East to Europe, lasted for almost a millennium before being inundated by rising water levels. [47], The establishment of Constantinople was one of Constantine's most lasting accomplishments, shifting Roman power eastward as the city became a center of Greek culture and Christianity. ABOVE: Aggrandized painting of King Konstantinos I of Greece on horseback during the Second Balkan War. [82] The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918 and the Allies occupied Constantinople on 13 November 1918. Its not just because people liked it better that way; there are actually a number of complex and fascinating political reasons why the name was changed. The O-2, O-3, and O-4 are part of European route E80 (the Trans-European Motorway) between Portugal and the IranTurkey border. It handled 61.3 million passengers in 2015, which made it the third-busiest airport in Europe and the 18th-busiest in the world in that year. [235] Istanbul and its picturesque skyline have also served as a backdrop for several foreign films, including From Russia with Love (1963), Topkapi (1964), The World Is Not Enough (1999), and Mission Istaanbul (2008). [281] Hrriyet's English-language edition, Hrriyet Daily News, has been printed since 1961, but the English-language Daily Sabah, first published by Sabah in 2014, has overtaken it in circulation. It has been suggested that the name is of Thracian origin. [305], Istanbul's motorways network are the O-1, O-2, O-3, O-4 and O-7. [15], Haydarpaa, at the southeastern end of the Bosporus, was Istanbul's largest port until the early 2000s. [177] Native Arab population in Turkey who are Turkish citizens are found to be making up less than 1% of city's total adult population. It is, however, apparent that by the time of the Romans, coins featuring a star or crescent in some combination were not at all rare. The pictorial and architectural styles that characterized Byzantine art, first codified in the 6th century, persisted with remarkable homogeneity within the empire until its final dissolution with the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453. Byzantine Empire 12611453 [234] The Turkish film industry ramped up in the second half of the century, and with Uzak (2002) and My Father and My Son (2005), both filmed in Istanbul, the nation's movies began to see substantial international success. 308 CE Constantine I named "caesar" of the west. The Turks called the city "Istanbul" (although it was not officially renamed until 1930); the name derives from the Greek phrase " ", which means "to the city". In: goston, Gbor and Bruce Alan Masters. Control of this transmission, and other radio stations established in the following decades, ultimately came under the state-run Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT), which held a monopoly on radio and television broadcasts between its founding in 1964 and 1990. On 13 November 1918, the Allied forces of the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Greece began occupying the city of Constantinople. The city remained known as Byzantion for nearly a thousand years. [200], Istanbul, which straddles the Bosporus strait, houses international ports that link Europe and Asia. [358], Air pollution in Turkey is acute in stanbul with cars, buses and taxis causing frequent urban smog,[359] as it is one of the few European cities without a low-emission zone. The obelisk that would become the Obelisk of Theodosius remained in Alexandria until 390 CE, when Theodosius I (r. 379395 CE) had it transported to Constantinople and put up on the spina of the Hippodrome there. [149][152] The Provincial Administration's duties are largely limited to the building and maintenance of schools, residences, government buildings, and roads, and the promotion of arts, culture, and nature conservation. And Turks finished the Rome Empire (East Rome or the only Rome Empire in those years) in 1453. Modern authors have linked it to the Thracian toponym Lygos,[31] mentioned by Pliny the Elder as an earlier name for the site of Byzantium. The name of Constantine's cross is: Chi Rho. The word "Psalter" in the name of this manuscript is the term we use for books and manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible's Book of Psalms. Hello, [287], In 2015, more than 57,000 students attended 7,934 schools,[288] including the renowned Galatasaray High School, Kabata Erkek Lisesi, and Istanbul Lisesi. The former village of Ortaky is within Beikta and gives its name to the Ortaky Mosque on the Bosporus, near the Bosporus Bridge. The dwindling Byzantine Empire came to an end when the Ottomans breached Constantinople's ancient land wall after besieging the city for 55 days. The city has had three names over time. Cloudiness, as with precipitation, varies greatly by season. The National Movement launched a military campaign to repel the Greek forces that had occupied Smyrna and the surrounding regions. It remained the Roman capital for the remainder of the empires history. [204], In 1995, keeping up with the financial trends, Borsa Istanbul moved its headquarters (which was originally located on Bankalar Caddesi, the financial center of the Ottoman Empire,[204] and later at the 4th Vakf Han building in Sirkeci) to stinye, in the vicinity of Maslak, which hosts the headquarters of numerous Turkish banks.[205]. Dominated by low-cost carriers, Istanbul's second airport has rapidly become popular, especially since the opening of a new international terminal in 2009;[346] the airport handled 14.7 million passengers in 2012, a year after Airports Council International named it the world's fastest-growing airport. Personally, I would prefer the historical and religious significance of the Hagia Sofia to be enjoyed by all, but of course that is really up to the Turkish government now, isnt it? - WorldAtlas What Was the Capital of the Byzantine Empire? [108] Galata (Karaky) is today a quarter within the Beyolu (Pera) district, which forms Istanbul's commercial and entertainment center and includes stiklal Avenue and Taksim Square. [146] All members of the district councils and the Municipal Council, including the metropolitan mayor, are elected to five-year terms. [5], The origins of Byzantium are shrouded in legend. This Greek expression is the root of the namestanbul, which is first attested in Arabic and Armenian sources in the tenth century. The Historical Memory of Constantinople, 567 Years After the Fall [84] Turkish forces of the Ankara government, commanded by kr Naili Pasha (3rd Corps), entered the city with a ceremony on 6 October 1923, which has been marked as the Liberation Day of Istanbul (Turkish: stanbul'un Kurtuluu) and is commemorated every year on its anniversary. [224] The new national government established programs that served to orient Turks toward musical traditions, especially those originating in Europe, but musical institutions and visits by foreign classical artists were primarily centered in the new capital. [79] A series of wars in the early 20th century, such as the Italo-Turkish War (19111912) and the Balkan Wars (19121913), plagued the ailing empire's capital and resulted in the 1913 Ottoman coup d'tat, which brought the regime of the Three Pashas. In the re-run mamolu gathered 54.22% of the total vote and widened the defeat margin. The Ottomans didn't officially change the name of Constantinople when they took over in the 15th century, but the conquest did mark a seismic change in geopolitics, as Constantinople's center. [246][247] Some other neighborhoods around stiklal Avenue have been revamped to cater to Beyolu's nightlife, with formerly commercial streets now lined with pubs, cafes, and restaurants playing live music. [42] Byzantium's decision to side with the Roman usurper Pescennius Niger against Emperor Septimius Severus cost it dearly; by the time it surrendered at the end of 195 CE, two years of siege had left the city devastated. The total length of Istanbul Province's toll motorways network (otoyollar) is 543km (2021) and the state highways network (devlet yollari) is 353km (2021), totaling 896km of expressway roads (minimum 2x2 lanes), excluding secondary roads and urban streets.
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