These to give them higher senses and take away fear. One of the earliest written texts describing berserkers is the Hrafnsml, a 9th century fragmentary skaldic poem, written by Norwegian skald, orbjrn Hornklofi: They [the ships] were loaded with men and white shields, western spears and Frankish swords. Myth, Materiality, and Lived Religion: In Merovingian and Viking Scandinavia. In one of his writings, Christian priest dmann suggested a theory that 'going berserk' came as a result of consuming various psychoactive substances. In battle They bear bloody shields. A anlise apresentada como um estudo de caso em que a relevncia e confiabilidade da arqueologia do campo de batalha so avaliadas. Its hallucinogenic properties were part of the secret knowledge across many cultures (that is to say, widely known by those in the know). What Drug did Viking Berserkers Use? With the local government making the decision A large Viking burial mound found on the island of Karmy off Norways western coast was long thought to be empty. Moscow, 2015. 11-46. According to numerous sagas, the berserker often became a social outcast someone who was seen as uncontrollable and nothing but trouble. It shot up into the berserks mouth and ripped apart his jaws and his jawbone flopped down on his chest. End of berserk. Thats the expression to practice in front of your mirror. In addition, two of these appear to be wearing horned helmets. History tells us that in 1492, while leading a Spanish-sponsored three-ship flotilla in search of a shorter route to Asia, Italian navigator Christopher Columbus happened upon America in the form of Guanahani (probably San Salvador Island, though maybe another Bahamian island or the Turks and Caicos Islands). Pp. They argue that the berserker was an elite warrior (no more and no less) who was probably a professional retainer of a king or jarl. All rights reserved. Reddit, Inc. 2023. The ancient civilization of Greece is a historical period that has long been a subject of fascination and intrigue. These narratives of exploration of a place that sounded like Maine, Rhode Island, or Atlantic Canada were thought to be just stories, like Voyage of St. Brendan the Abbot, until 1960, when Helge Ingstad, a Norwegian explorer, and his wife, archaeologist Anne Stine Ingstad, were led by a local man to a site on the northern tip of Newfoundland island. Edited by Jeffrey Turco. It likely means " bear -shirt" (compare the Middle English word ' serk, meaning 'shirt'), "someone who wears a coat made out of a bear's skin ". So, the correlation between henbane and Berserkers rage seems pretty tight, but more research is probably needed. The Brilliance of Pre-diluvian Sculpture - Cannot Be Hand Made! The article also integrates battlefield archaeology, discussing whether berserks formed actual military units or not, and explores the etymology behind the word. In 1015, Jarl Eirkr Hkonarson of Norway outlawed berserkers. The study makes an insight into the history of the invasions and military confrontations that took place during the beginning of the 8th century and the end of the 11th century, between the Vikings and the Danes in the Scandinavian Peninsula, on the one hand, and the Christian populations and kingdoms in Eng-land, France, Ireland, on the other hand, pursuing the Christian evolution of these invaders, kingdoms and populations. Suicide and Posthumous Restlessness in Medieval Iceland 1, Old Icons in New Guises From the Snorri illustrations to the film trilogy Lord of the Rings, Eigi mannligu eli: Shape, Monstrosity and Berserkism in the Sagas of Icelanders. From the violent coups of the ancient world to the more Cod, the mighty fish of the sea, held the Vikings in its firm grasp. Pillaging and plundering? rhus: Aarhus University Press. Can someone please explain, thanks! Dont be misled by the various modern brews called Berserk Beere. Your fate is already set, the Vikings believed. In contrast, berserkers quickly take on their animal powers in the sagas, often in the face of imminent danger, after only a brief preparation period. Immune to fire and iron, berserks wore no armor. They were mad as dogs and strong as bears, he says, but cites a 9th-century poem that dresses them in wolf skins: The berserks howled, One of these is naked apart from a horned helmet and a belt in which a sword is placed. Battle in the Viking Age usually wasnt symmetrical. Berserkers were said to channel the bear's spirit (or, in the case of the the lfhenar, the wolf's spirit) and take on the berserkergangr - the berserker's rage - to become almost invincible. In this short Documentary by Rad History we discuss the drugs used by Viking BERSERKERS to make them, well berserk. 2018, Journal of Military History vol. By the 12th century, organised berserker war-bands had disappeared. Some botanists have claimed that berserker behavior could have been caused by the ingestion of alcohol, hallucinogenic mushrooms or the plant known as bog myrtle, one of the main spices in Scandinavian alcoholic beverages. Basic Books, New York, 2020. If so, how did they do it? No beautiful Valkyries will serve you mead. and our Grgs, the medieval Icelandic law code, sentenced berserker warriors to outlawry. These Viking Berserkers would have been some of the the most fearsome in Viking culture and in history.#vikings #vikingberserker #history #mushrooms Were the Vikings Smoking Pot While Exploring Newfoundland? Amanita Muscaria is the mushroom name. Berserkers appear prominently in many Norse sagas and poems, either as champions, heroes, elite soldiers, or bodyguards. One of these appears on a small metal stamp from Sweden dating to the Iron Age. The legendary Viking warriors known as berserkers were renowned for their ferocity in battle, purportedly fighting in a trancelike state of blind rage ( berserkergang ), howling like wild. The term Berserker and the debate over what it actually means, The term berserker (berserkr in Old Norse) meant either bear shirt (as in the literal or metaphorical wearing of a mantle of bears skin, thus taking on the shape of a bear) or bare shirt (that is, no shirt or armor at all). Implikationen medialer Ausformungen in west- und ostnordischen Rechtsbuchhandschriften. So, the idea that Vikings encountered cannabis is plausible. Instead, they chalk the phenomenon to the natural psychosis that could arise among young men striving for personal aggrandizement within groups in very violent settings. What Is the Origin of the Term Jim Crow? The last theory is about shapeshifting ability. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. This image however changed overtime (especially after the conversion to Christianity in Scandinavia), instead being portrayed as criminals, thugs, looters and murderers who kill indiscriminately. Did Marie-Antoinette Really Say Let Them Eat Cake? ): The Viking World. The Vikings got to play in Miami last year, and that was special for Cook. Joanna completed a Bachelor of Science (Psychology) degree in Australia and published research in the field of Educational Psychology. The social construction of the Norwegian Viking (Master thesis), Playing Vikings: Militarism, Hegemonic Masculinities, and Childhood Enculturation in Viking Age Scandinavia, Vandkilde 2007 (ed): Globalisation, Battlefields, and Economics. Tenth century Byzantine Emperor Constantine the Purple-Born mentions some Vikings in his elite Varangian Guard dancing in animal skins and masks before battle, lending a Non-Norse confirmation that berserkers performed rituals in this manner. Excavations that opened the Salhushaugen mound in 1906 were launched in the belief A Norwegian man made a unique discovery back in the 80s while he was digging out a water well. So, berserkers may have just been hand-picked, highly trained professional warriors who were so badass that they seemed inhuman. This is called 'going berserk. Furthermore, according to some sagas, once the animal spirit had spent itself, the berserker underwent a period of weakness, apathy, and exhaustion. It is, however, hard to find any archaeological evidence of berserkers. Ancient texts say they did so by drinking bear's blood or by means of ritual dancing. It derives from the Old Norse word berserkergang, a trance-like state of blind rage where men (berserkers) fought with superhuman strength, oblivious to pain, and said to have been characteristic of Vikings in battle. Diverse smallpox strains were widespread in the Viking Age, new study reveals. Its Not What You Think! Asking whether the Vikings were the first Europeans to encounter America sets the stage for the Vikings-versus-Columbus debate, but first the legendary voyage of St. Brendan has to be reckoned with. Cookie Notice 36th Interdisciplinary Vking Symposium in Odense, May 17th, 2017. "Men saw that a great bear went before King Hrolf's men, keeping always near the king. The Vikings had indeed visited North America, and if they did not discover America in the strict sense of the word, they certainly got there before Columbus did. She is fluent in Icelandic, and spends her summers in Iceland. Thesepeople believe the term berserker simply means one who fights without armor. It's well known that they reached the tip. In: Daim et al., Wege der Kommunikation zwischen Byzanz und dem Westen 2, BOO 9.2 (Mainz 2018) 391-419. Other scholars have maintained that substances are not necessary to explain the berserkergangr. '"[2] In addition, the helm-plate press from Torslunda depicts (below) a scene of Odin with a berserker"a wolf skinned warrior with the apparently one-eyed dancer in the bird-horned helm, which is generally interpreted as showing a scene indicative of a relationship between berserkgang and the god Odin[3]"with a wolf pelt and a spear as distinguishing features.[4]". Moreover, henbane intoxication is characterized by a rebound low following the high weakness, lethargy, apathy, and emotional exhaustion, just as some sagas mention. Like many elite warriors, they were so much better at fighting than everyone else that they seemed invincible or magical. Throughout history, assassination has been a brutal and effective tool of power, used to eliminate rivals and shape the course of nations. So, if lfhenar means wolf skins, would it not make sense that the term berserker meant bear shirt"? 1) Warriors in period art, runestones and the sagas are often described to have bear-like characteristics. According to the monks Latin hexameter verse, the Vikings ransacked and despoiled, massacred, and burned and ravaged, he wrote. Netflix's Vikings: Valhalla brings a new generation of Viking schemers and dreamers to the screen, from explorers Leif Erikson and Freyds Eirksdttir to warrior Harald Sigurdsson and empire-builder King Cnut. Berserk comes from an Old Norse word meaning bare-shirt or, maybe, bear-shirt. Snorri Sturluson, the 13th-century Icelander who is our main source of Viking lore, isnt clear (maybe on purpose). This has left some to insist the real translation has nothing to do with bears or men wearing bear skins. Perhaps different berserkers had proprietary potions of fly agaric and henbane, along with as-yet-unidentified herbs and ingredients to amplify or diminish any one symptom. Rephrasing the question, we can ask instead whether the Vikings were the first non-Native Americans to encounterAmerica. Hansen, J. They would howl and growl like beasts, froth at the mouth, and launch an attack in a fit of frenzy. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. But the latest theory is beer. Some scholars have suggested that alcohol was responsible for the berserker's rage. The meaning of the word originates with the Viking berserkers , the fierce warriors who were known for battling in an uncontrollable, trance-like fury, and were alleged to be able to perform seemingly impossible super-human feats of strength. No questions are currently being submitted, but we will be hosting periodic Floating Features. His background is in archaeology and computer science, having written over 7,000 articles across several online publications. Markus is a member of the Association of British Science Writers (ABSW) and in 2023 was the recipient of the British Citizen Award for Education and the BCA Medal of Honour. She has a rich and varied career, ranging from teaching Read More. Modern scholars tend to favor magic mushroomsespecially the poisonous fly agaric. The Torslunda helmet: Odin followed by a berserker ( public domain ). Vikings go Berzerk is a video slot game developed by Yggdrasil that will put you in command of a Viking ship en route to discover new territory. He holds a lance in each hand. In Eirks saga raua (Erik the Reds Saga), Leif is the accidental discoverer of Vinland, and Thorfinn and his wife, Gudrid, are credited with all subsequent explorations. How Did The Viking Berserkers Go Berserk? The analysis is presented as a case study where the relevance and reliability for battlefield archaeology is assessed. Several of the sagas inform us about berserkers, and how kings and earls deployed them in their armies. For instance, some scholars have claimed that the Vikings believed in spirit possession and that berserkers were possessed by the animal spirits of wolves or bears. If they performed well in the battle, they would have a seat in Valhalla. That's right, Vikings knew how to have a good time, too. 2009. Not everything that the north men achieved in the eighth century to the eleventh century can be blamed on drugs lol. A GUERRA NA ERA VIKING A CULTURA GUERREIRA COMO ELEMENTO CONSTRUTIVO DO PODER E CARISMA DO REI ESCANDINAVO, Jmsvkinga Saga as part of Old Norse Historiography, Interdisciplinary and Comparative Methodologies: Exploring Circum-Baltic Cultures and Beyond (ed. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Three inaugural lectures in archaeology. Sign up for the The History Reader Newsletter. ); Price, Neil (ed. First off, the Vikings get massive points for their knowledge of history and word origins. That is literally those who could shapeshift into the form of a bear. Did Vikings Really Go Berserk? Essays on Medieval Scandinavian and Germanic Mythology, Literature, and Culture. However, it would be a mistake to think that berserkers always had to walk around in a bear skin (or that the lfhenar always walked around in a wolf skin). There are also other possible explanations for how the pollen may have got there. Gvle 2009, 807815. Whats your favorite ancient site or museum virtual tour? The bear is the most powerful land animal in Northern Europe, and sacred to the god Odin whom the berserkers were devoted to. Preprint papers of the 14th international Saga Conference. about Raid, Pillage, and Party: Inside the World of Viking Celebrations (Video), What Did Ancient Greece Really Look Like? They may well have been devoted to Odinic cults and even practiced strange animal dances and rituals. By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. For example, in theSaga of Hrlf Kraki, a man namedBdvar Bjarki who was a berserker shapeshifted into a bear and defended King Hrolf Kraki. Islandica 58. For this a scholar looked at the archeological and written evidence and. This paper deals with Viking Age warriors and the brotherhoods or warrior bands that partly created the foundation for their achievements. Wolf-skinned they are called. Naturally, this immediately grabbed headlines, as pot-smoking Vikings seemed a perfect confluence between two pop-culture trends at the time. But real experts (includingthose who wrote the original paper) urge caution in drawing any conclusions about Viking marijuana use from this one find. Living among the animals made them become more like animals, fighting like animals and howling like them. The answer to that question, however, hinges on what we mean by America. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Take a look at the shield-biting rooks from the famous Lewis chess sets here. Instead, substances could have been carefully mixed to optimize some effects while reducing others. The Viking berserkers were always ready to make their ultimate sacrifice for their battle. These dramatic archaeological discoveries proved not only that the Vikings had indeed explored America some 500 years before Columbuss arrival but also that they had traveled farther south to areas where grapes grew, to Vinland. This figure could easily represent one of the legendary, naked warriors. As we can see, being a berserker was a complex conglomeration of ritual, magic, and blending of the human will with animal spirit. The invention of tradition in medieval Icelandic literature, A hitta skrmsli skoginum: Animal Shape-shifting, Identity, and Exile in Old Norse Religion and World-view, Tattooed Vikings, Racial Politics, and the Imaginary Middle Ages, Understanding Embodiment through Lived Religion: A Look at Vernacular Physiologies in an Old Norse Milieu (with a Response by Margaret Clunies Ross), Forgotten Laxdla Poetry: A Study and an Edition of Tyrfingur Finnssons Vsur upp The Viking Berserkers Were Norse Warriors Who Entered A Trance-Like Rage During Battle By All That's Interesting | Edited By Adam Farley Published August 10, 2021 Updated August 22, 2021 Berserkers were among the most feared Norse warriors of their age, ingesting hallucinogens to induce a trance-like fury that carried them through battle. A 2019 medical textbook by Dr. John Roberts describes the condition: The majority of affected individuals are young males. Ingestion of Amanita muscaria is associated with an orgiastic/ecstatic trance accompanied by trembling limbs and facial pallor or flushing. Die of old age and youll never feast in Odins hall. For example, awareness has increased over the past few decades concerning a psychiatric/physical phenomenon called excited delirium. So, Vikings would have had access to henbane, but what makes it a more likely candidate than mushrooms? To go berserk was to hamask, which translates as change form, in this case, as with the sense enter a state of wild fury, or literally to shapeshift into a bears form. Photo: Onderwijsgek, Wikimedia Commons. The prince in his wisdom puts trust in such men Who hack through enemy shields. What is the origin of the legend of the Christed Son who was born of a virgin on December 25th? Thank you for sharing this !! Were there Norse Female Warriors in Viking Age England? And simply fighting without armor certainly would not make one a berserker, so why would theterm imply that? She has deep ties to the Scandinavian cultural institutions in the U.S. Brown lives in East Burke, VT. Sign Up For The History Reader Newsletter, 2023 Copyright The History Reader.PRIVACY NOTICE TERMS OF USE. We can say that the recreational use of hashish (a purified form of cannabis) was exploding in popularity in the Arab world from the 9th century on. These dramatic archaeological discoveries proved not only that the Vikings had indeed explored America some 500 years before Columbus's arrival but also that they had traveled farther south to areas where grapes grew, to Vinland. Berserkers knew nothing but to kill and to join Valhalla with Odin the Allfather the Supreme Viking god that the berserkers worshipped Of course, this kind of mushroom was not used for everyday meals. News Did Henbane make Berserkers go Berserk? Who would you pick for the best military leaders of all time? Let's talk about Viking Berserkers and how much about them is just myth. Aerial survey reveals dense wealth of Pre-Classic Maya sites, Late Period tombs discovered at Tel El-Deir, Ivory bag rings found in Anglo-Saxon burials have origins in Africa, Large assemblage of Bronze Age artefacts found in Oberhalbstein, Ancient ritual centre discovered in Poland, The loss of the Britannic Titanics sister ship, Fresco depicting a still life uncovered in Pompeii, Stone head found in Lake Nemi may be from Caligulas Nemi ships, INAH Archaeologists explore catacombs of Hueypoxtla ancestors, Remains of 400-year-old wooden ship found in Mexico, Legio V Macedonica The Last Roman Legion, The mystery of Tutankhamuns meteoric iron dagger, The Immortal Armour of Chinas Jade Burial Suits. Today to go berserk is synonymous with to run amok or be completely out of control. Other more esoteric theories surround supernatural beliefs. The Vikings actively traded with these people. Wild! Filled with rage and without fear for his own life, the berserker cast himself into the midst of the battle arousing terror amongst friends and foes alike. These legendary fighters were part of a strange cult that lived in the woods and sought to harness the power of fighting animals. Were Vikings/Norse/Danes/Svear/Frisians actually capable of becoming berserkers? It is proposed by some historians that by wearing the pelts, the warriors believed they could extract the power and strength from the animal. He slew more men with his fore paws than any five of the king's champions. 925 Sterling Silver Viking Necklace Pendant, Vegvisir Symbol: May Viking Compass Protect and Guide You, 7 Hilarious Viking Names and Their Origins. Whatever it really means, berserk is the name that has stuck. We know of several other depictions of naked warriors. For instance, on one of the famous Golden Horns found near Mgeltnder, which dates to c. 400 AD, semi-naked men are displayed brandishing weapons. The word Berserker, may also refer to the fact that the fighters had a bears strength and wildness. In Old Norse sources, Viking berserkers were warriors who fought in a trance-like fury, that later gave rise to the English word, "berserk". And while some people may seem content with the story as it stands, our view is that there existcountless mysteries, scientific anomalies and surprising artifacts thathave yet to be discovered and explained. Stockholm: Stockholm University Press. Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. 269301. P. 101-112. Amanita muscqaria. MA Thesis: 'Herjans dsir: Valkyrjur, Supernatural Femininities, and Elite Warrior Culture in the Late Pre-Christian Iron Age', From Rules to Experience: Cultural Records of the Icelandic Commonwealth in the Board Game Hnefa-tafl, VALHALLA RISING: THE CONSTRUCTION OF CULTURAL IDENTITY THROUGH NORSE MYTH IN SCANDINAVIAN AND GERMAN PAGAN METAL Scandia Journal of Medieval Norse Studies. Botanists and Norse scholars alike pointed out that Amanita muscaria has several side effects (such as debilitating nausea), which would make berserkers less able to fight. Saga and East Scandinavia. One early Icelandic saga, the Saga of the Heath-Killings, includes a chess-playing berserk who woos a girl over the game while her father pretends it is just not happening. What Really Happened at Viking Funerals? Scholars are convinced that this exchange took place before the time of Christopher Columbus, but they do not know whether it preceded the visits to North America by the Vikings. One of these ecofacts" was a layer of cannabis pollen. 3. Accidental Find of Impeccably Preserved Ming Dynasty Taizhou Mummy, Ambushes and Betrayals: 7 Assassinations that Shook the Ancient World, Stealing History: 10 of the Most Tragic Artifact Thefts in History, Empire Builders: Ancient Leaders Who Shaped History (Video), Dies Sanguinis: Rome's Day of Blood, Sacrifice & Military Might, Tall el-Hammam: Is This Ancient City the Real Sodom? (Brown, 2015, p. 40). By Madison Margolin Nov 2, 2022 Who were the Berserker warriors featured in Vikings: Valhalla? As im sure some have you have read in some of my posts, I decided to do a study on this slot because when playing for real money I noticed a very obvious trend. Standing in opposition to that claim, however, were the accounts of Viking journeys to a place called Vinland that appeared in a pair of medieval Norse sagas (heroic prose poems). The word sounds made up though, doesn't it? As we know, one of the greatest Viking warriors were known as the Viking Berserkers who devoted their lives to the battlefield. Tempe: AZ: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies. More recently, a different substance has been postulated as the possible secret ingredient to the berserkers rage: a form of nightshade under the scientific name, Hyoscyamus niger, more commonly known as stinking henbane. It contained an element that could make anyone who consumed it to go berserk. How Did The Viking Berserkers Go Berserk? By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Hammurabi, the sixth king of Babylon, left an enduring legacy in the ancient world with his famous Code of Laws. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Since then, most of the scholarly and scientific attention concerning the berserker-mushroom connection has been focused on Amanita muscaria (commonly called the fly agaric mushroom). Further, about 1000, Leif Eriksson, son of Erik the Red, is reported to have led an expedition in search of the land sighted by Bjarni and to have found an icy barren land he called Helluland (Land of Flat Rocks) before eventually traveling south and finding Vinland (Land of Wine). They were even known to bite their own shields out of pure rage. I am sure you are familiar with his legend which states that he was born in a manger surrounded by shepherds. Filled with rage and without fear for his own life, the berserker cast himself into the midst of the battle arousing terror amongst friends and foes alike. Understanding the effects and potency of the Henbane we could go further on to speculate about some of the most notorious written accounts and stories portraying Berserkers. M. Kilpi, L. Kahlas-Tarkka, J. Roberts, O. Timofeeva. The rest is just embellishment from centuries of tall tales. This one was on horseback: He began to howl loudly and bit the rim of his shield and pushed the shield all the way into his mouth and snapped at the corner of the shield and carried on furiously. Grettir ran at him and kicked the shield. Raw power is necessary, along with endurance and functional strength. This makes sense given that the word berserk refers to a particular form of combat practiced in the Viking Age, in which the fighters (Viking Berserkers) threw off their chainmail and tunics, and fought naked or in only animal fur. What it Means to be a Viking It takes a certain kind of warrior to be able to row for hundreds of miles on the open seas and then go raiding for riches. Archived post. If so, what kind of drugs might they have had access to, and how would they have used them? Guess the same priciple as for beserkers. Berserks bellowed; battle was under way for them; wolf-skins [berserks] howled and brandished iron spears., They are called wolf-skins, who bear bloody shields in combat; they redden spears when they come to war; there [at Haraldrs court] they are seated together. There may be some coded references, such as witch's brews changing behaviors or men being driven to dark deeds by being fed the flesh of wolves and snakes, but there are no explicit drug references. Adding to their ferocity, and in order to intimidate the enemy, they would wear bear and wolf pelts when they fought, giving them the name Berserker, meaning bear coat in Old Norse. Therefore, some scholars believed that those who could transform into a berserker was actually "hamrammr". Of course, sometimes, the easiest way to explain a mystery is to decide it never happened in the first place. Just one of the examples of this comes from Hrafnsmol, one of the oldest known poems mentioning berserkers: The berserkers bellowedas the battle opened,the wolf-coats [lfhenar] shrieked loudand shook their weapons. They soaked the furred edges of their shields in it and sucked on it when the battle was half-way through. As a result, Columbus was nearly universally declared the discoverer of America. (In Print). Plus, the only way to reach Valhalla and a glorious afterlife is to die fighting. & Zachrisson, T. ISBN 978-5-89526-027-2, The Never Ending Story of Auur/Unnur djpga Ketilsdttir: cultural memory and religious identity. Essays on Medieval Scandinavian and Germanic Mythology, Literature, and Culture. It is believed that this account is partially true and that their trance-like state actually prevented them from feeling pain until after the battle. And they did. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. To what did the Northerners owe their success, and what were their characteristics in terms of skills and organization? Bavipower 59k followers More information The word "berserker" derives from the Old Norse " serkr ," meaning "coat" or "shirt," and " ber ," the Norse word for "bear." Also, they were naked under the pelt. Jarus, O. The Gragas mentions this in the context of laws banning pagan customs, so it is . Please find our full statement here: https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/14dd0ae/askhistorians_will_remain_in_limited_operation/. "In: Agneta Ney/Henrik Williams/Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist (Hg.
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