Historians have more information about his observations since they became the basis for later charts and theories. [10][11] Cleopatra's adopted title The Philoptra ( ) means "goddess who loves her father". We know very little of Ptolemy's early life, including his birth and death dates. They didn't always understand what they observed, but realized that the sky's objects move in periodic and predictable ways. ABBREVIATIONS; ANAGRAMS; BIOGRAPHIES; CALCULATORS; CONVERSIONS; [59][60][63][note 20], Ptolemy XII spent nearly a year there on the outskirts of Rome, ostensibly accompanied by his daughter Cleopatra, then about 11. [195][196][176][note 45], Octavian, Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate in 43 BC, in which they were each elected for five-year terms to restore order in the Republic and bring Caesar's assassins to justice. Macedonian military leader, general, and ruler Ptolemy I (c. 366283 B.C.E. ) Early life [300] Antony followed Cleopatra and boarded her ship, identified by its distinctive purple sails, as the two escaped the battle and headed for Tainaron. the diadem) to make herself more appealing to the citizens of Republican Rome. He lived in the metropolis of Alexandria on Egypts Mediterranean coast. [189][190] Caesar was assassinated on the Ides of March (15 March 44 BC), but Cleopatra stayed in Rome until about mid-April, in the vain hope of having Caesarion recognized as Caesar's heir. [131][133][132] Historian Cassius Dio records that she did so without informing her brother, dressed in an attractive manner, and charmed Caesar with her wit. WebPtolemy II Philadelphus ( Greek: Ptolemaios Philadelphos, "Ptolemy, sibling-lover"; 309 28 January 246 BC) was the pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt from 284 to 246 BC. [466] He was followed by William Shakespeare, whose Antony and Cleopatra, largely based on Plutarch, was first performed in 1608 and provided a somewhat salacious view of Cleopatra in stark contrast to England's own Virgin Queen. [246][232] To the west Cleopatra was handed Cyrene along the Libyan coast, as well as Itanos and Olous in Roman Crete. [403][409][410] However, she was depicted in an Egyptian statue as the goddess Isis,[411] while some of her coinage depicts her as Venus-Aphrodite. [28][32][33] The Romans chose instead to divide the Ptolemaic realm among the illegitimate sons of Ptolemy IX, bestowing Cyprus on Ptolemy of Cyprus and Egypt on Ptolemy XII Auletes. There is academic disagreement on whether the following portraits are considered "heads" or "busts". [397] Although the common view of Cleopatra was one of a prolific seductress, she had only two known sexual partners, Caesar and Antony, the two most prominent Romans of the time period, who were most likely to ensure the survival of her dynasty. View six larger pictures Biography [3][2], Her strong, almost masculine facial features in these particular coins are strikingly different from the smoother, softer, and perhaps idealized sculpted images of her in either the Egyptian or Hellenistic styles. Historians have more information about his observations since they became the basis for later charts and theories. It was the linchpin of the theories about objects' motions in the sky for nearly a millennium and a half. Written astronomical records were recorded in ancient times, often on tablets or walls or in artwork. Very little else is known about his origins. [314], After lengthy negotiations that ultimately produced no results, Octavian set out to invade Egypt in the spring of 30 BC,[315] stopping at Ptolemais in Phoenicia, where his new ally Herod provided his army with fresh supplies. They were captured by Mithridates VI of Pontus probably in 88 BC, around the time Ptolemy IX returned to the Egyptian throne. [207][208][note 46] Cleopatra managed to clear her name as a supposed supporter of Cassius, arguing she had really attempted to help Dolabella in Syria, and convinced Antony to have her exiled sister, Arsinoe IV, executed at Ephesus. Ptolemy At this time, the Roman statesman Pompey arrived in Egypt after a disastrous loss to Julius Caesar in their own civil war. [203] In the summer of 41 BC, Antony established his headquarters at Tarsos in Anatolia and summoned Cleopatra there in several letters, which she rebuffed until Antony's envoy Quintus Dellius convinced her to come. [221] Cleopatra provided Antony with 200 ships for his campaign and as payment for her newly acquired territories. January 282 BC (aged 8485) Alexandria, Ptolemaic Kingdom. [274][272][176][note 52] Antony claimed that his rival had illegally deposed Lepidus from their triumvirate and barred him from raising troops in Italy, while Octavian accused Antony of unlawfully detaining the king of Armenia, marrying Cleopatra despite still being married to his sister Octavia, and wrongfully claiming Caesarion as the heir of Caesar instead of Octavian. WebThe name Ptolemy is boy's name of Greek origin meaning "aggressive, warlike". [227] Her sudden death led to a reconciliation of Octavian and Antony at Brundisium in Italy in September 40 BC. Famous For: Publishing The Amalgest. WebDefinition of Ptolemy in the Definitions.net dictionary. [296] Antony and Cleopatra lost several skirmishes against Octavian around Actium during the summer of 31 BC, while defections to Octavian's camp continued, including Antony's long-time companion Dellius[296] and the allied kings Amyntas of Galatia and Deiotaros of Paphlagonia. [281][283] During the next senatorial session, Octavian entered the Senate house with armed guards and levied his own accusations against the consuls. His reign began as co-ruler with his sister, the famous Cleopatra VII , following the wishes of their father, Ptolemy XII Auletes. Claudius is a Roman name and Claudius Ptolemy was a Roman citizen. [253], As Antony prepared for another Parthian expedition in 35 BC, this time aimed at their ally Armenia, Octavia traveled to Athens with 2,000 troops in alleged support of Antony, but most likely in a scheme devised by Octavian to embarrass him for his military losses. [21][22][20][note 12] Plutarch implies that she also spoke Ethiopian, the language of the "Troglodytes", Hebrew (or Aramaic), Arabic, the Syrian language (perhaps Syriac), Median, and Parthian, and she could apparently also speak Latin, although her Roman contemporaries would have preferred to speak with her in her native Koine Greek. Not much is known about Ptolemy's early life. [108] After returning to Italy from the wars in Gaul and crossing the Rubicon in January of 49 BC, Caesar had forced Pompey and his supporters to flee to Greece. [238][239] Cleopatra brought her now three-year-old twins to Antioch, where Antony saw them for the first time and where they probably first received their surnames Helios and Selene as part of Antony and Cleopatra's ambitious plans for the future. [465], In the performing arts, the death of Elizabeth I of England in 1603, and the German publication in 1606 of alleged letters of Cleopatra, inspired Samuel Daniel to alter and republish his 1594 play Cleopatra in 1607. [198][202], By the end of 42 BC, Octavian had gained control over much of the western half of the Roman Republic and Antony the eastern half, with Lepidus largely marginalized. "Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator." Ptolemy had assassins kill the leaders of the embassy, an incident that was covered up by his powerful Roman supporters. [312] In a show of solidarity, Antony also had Marcus Antonius Antyllus, his son with Fulvia, enter the ephebi at the same time. [303] An asp is absent from the painting, but many Romans held the view that she received poison in another manner than a venomous snakebite. [368][241] Cleopatra Selene II imported many important scholars, artists, and advisers from her mother's royal court in Alexandria to serve her in Caesarea, now permeated in Hellenistic Greek culture. [388][396][note 63] The fragmentary Libyka commissioned by Cleopatra's son-in-law Juba II provides a glimpse at a possible body of historiographic material that supported Cleopatra's perspective. [324][326] When she met with Octavian, Cleopatra told him bluntly, "I will not be led in a triumph" (Ancient Greek: , romanized:ou thriambusomai), according to Livy, a rare recording of her exact words. It predicted the positions of the planets accurately enough for naked-eye observations, but it turned out to be wrong and too complicated. That view seemed to quite nicely put humans at the center of things, as well, a notion that was hard to shake until Galileo's time. Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator What does Ptolemy mean? "[409], Another painting from Pompeii, dated to the early 1st century AD and located in the House of Giuseppe II, contains a possible depiction of Cleopatra with her son Caesarion, both wearing royal diadems while she reclines and consumes poison in an act of suicide. [505][note 87] Ernle Bradford writes that Cleopatra challenged Rome not as an Egyptian woman "but as a civilized Greek. [105][107] Cleopatra seems to have attempted a short-lived alliance with her brother Ptolemy XIV, but by the autumn of 50 BC Ptolemy XIII had the upper hand in their conflict and began signing documents with his name before that of his sister, followed by the establishment of his first regnal date in 49 BC. [253][220][254] After losing some 30,000 men, more than Crassus at Carrhae (an indignity he had hoped to avenge), Antony finally arrived at Leukokome near Berytus (modern Beirut, Lebanon) in December, engaged in heavy drinking before Cleopatra arrived to provide funds and clothing for his battered troops. Information and translations of Ptolemy in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. [271][270][note 51] Antony sent a report to Rome requesting ratification of these territorial claims, now known as the Donations of Alexandria. [100][99] Bibulus, siding with Pompey in Caesar's Civil War, failed to prevent Caesar from landing a naval fleet in Greece, which ultimately allowed Caesar to reach Egypt in pursuit of Pompey. Upon landing in Egypt, Roman general and politician Pompey is murdered on the orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt. Cox, Tom. [297][293][289] Cleopatra, aboard her flagship, the Antonias, commanded 60 ships at the mouth of the Ambracian Gulf, at the rear of the fleet, in what was likely a move by Antony's officers to marginalize her during the battle. Ptolemy [418] It is likely, due to political expediency, that Antony's visage was made to conform not only to hers but also to those of her Macedonian Greek ancestors who founded the Ptolemaic dynasty, to familiarize himself to her subjects as a legitimate member of the royal house. [309], Cleopatra perhaps started to view Antony as a liability by the late summer of 31 BC, when she prepared to leave Egypt to her son Caesarion. [182], Cleopatra's presence in Rome most likely had an effect on the events at the Lupercalia festival a month before Caesar's assassination. [1][422] However, the British Museum head, once belonging to a full statue, could potentially represent Cleopatra at a different stage in her life and may also betray an effort by Cleopatra to discard the use of royal insignia (i.e. 30 Jun 2023. [474] Also based on Shakespeare's play was Samuel Barber's opera Antony and Cleopatra (1966), commissioned for the opening of the Metropolitan Opera House. ThoughtCo, Apr. Claudius Ptolemy (often called Claudius Ptolemaeus, Ptolomaeus, Klaudios Ptolemaios, and simply Ptolemeus) was one of the earliest of these observers. [243][220][239] She also received Ptolemais Akko (modern Acre, Israel), a city that was established by Ptolemy II. WebWe do know he was born around 90 A.D. and then died around 168 A.D. His life was seemingly lived mostly in Alexandria, Egypt. Ptolemy was his mothers co-ruler, killed by Octavian, later the emperor Augustus, after Cleopatras death in 30. [353][354], Cleopatra was directly involved in the administrative affairs of her domain,[355] tackling crises such as famine by ordering royal granaries to distribute food to the starving populace during a drought at the beginning of her reign. Pompey the Great assassinated [231], Relations between Antony and Cleopatra perhaps soured when he not only married Octavia, but also sired her two children, Antonia the Elder in 39 BC and Antonia Minor in 36 BC, and moved his headquarters to Athens. Find the names and birth dates of Ptolemy family members, different addresses of residence, family members' Ptolemy was his mothers co-ruler, killed by Octavian, later the emperor Augustus, after Cleopatras death in 30. Early life WebDeath Date: January 1 , 0168 ( age 68 ) Birth Sign : Capricorn About Biography Claudius Ptolemy was a Greco-Roman writer of Alexandria known as a mathematician astronomer geographer astrologer and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. Upon landing in Egypt, Roman general and politician Pompey is murdered on the orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt. [408][404][402] The woman in the basalt statue also holds a divided, double cornucopia (dikeras), which can be seen on coins of both Arsinoe II and Cleopatra. It contained amazingly accurate information for the time and given the difficulties of mapping that all cartographers raced. Ptolemy [274][272] The litany of accusations and gossip associated with this propaganda war have shaped the popular perceptions about Cleopatra from Augustan-period literature through to various media in modern times. "Claudius Ptolemy: Astronomer and Geographer from Ancient Egypt." [138][139][140] Caesar then brought Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII before the assembly of Alexandria, where Caesar revealed the written will of Ptolemy XIIpreviously possessed by Pompeynaming Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII as his joint heirs. He was a Greek citizen living in Alexandria, Egypt. Are Astronomy, Astrophysics and Astrology All the Same? [191][192][193] However, Caesar's will named his grandnephew Octavian as the primary heir, and Octavian arrived in Italy around the same time Cleopatra decided to depart for Egypt. Cleopatra took the opportunity to approach Caesar with different tactics, sneaking into the palace at Alexandria that Caesar was occupying and reading the situation becoming his lover. Cleopatra's legacy survives in ancient and modern works of art. [454], A granite Egyptian bust of Cleopatra from the Royal Ontario Museum, mid-1st century BC, A marble statue of Cleopatra with her cartouche inscribed on the upper right arm and wearing a diadem with a triple uraeus, from the Metropolitan Museum of Art[455], Possible sculpted head of Cleopatra VII wearing an Egyptian-style vulture headdress, discovered in Rome, either Roman or Hellenistic Egyptian art, Parian marble, 1st century BC, from the Capitoline Museums[431][432], In modern times Cleopatra has become an icon of popular culture,[378] a reputation shaped by theatrical representations dating back to the Renaissance as well as paintings and films. Left: A Roman head of either Cleopatra or her daughter, Cleopatra's kingdom and role as a monarch. [note 6] A member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, she was a descendant of its founder Ptolemy I Soter, a Macedonian Greek general and companion of Alexander the Great.
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